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-Amcrica-a Icntituts 
GOLD MEDAL. 



THIRTEENTH HDITICN. 



1851. 



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NEW-YORK 
A. B. ALLEN & CO., 

JW-4 NtJFACTUISEBlS AND MERCHANTS, 
189 and 191 \yater Street^ Pf. Y. 



WE re^jpectfully ivivilc the attention of the public, to the largest and most com- 
plete assortment of Agricultural and Horticultural Implements, and Field and 
Garden Seeds, to be found in the United States. To give some idea of our 
establishment, and to save replies to numerous questions, we have issued a 
Catalogue of upwards of 100 pages, with numerous engravings, descriptive of 
the above, which will be distributed g-m/?s, on application for it, fost -paid. 

The Implements embrace upwards of ONE HUNDRED different kinds of 
Plows, a great variety of Harrows, Rollers, Seed Sowers, Cultivators, Horse 
Powers, Threshers, Grain and other Mills, Corn-Stallc, Straw and Hay Cutters, 
Corn Shellers, Shovels, Spades, Hoes, Scythes, Rakes, Budding and Grafting 
Knives; Horticultural Tools; Sausage "Cutters and Stuflers; also, Carts, 
Wagons, Trucks, &c., &c. ; for a n)ore particular description of which, see the 
Catalogue. These implements are mostly made up from NEW and HIGHLY- 
IMPROVED PATTERNS, and are warranted to be of the best materials, and 
put together in the strongest manner, and of a superior finish. 

Castings, Skeleton Plows, Hixxvow Teeth, and iron work of all Kinds fur- 
nished to order in the cheapest and best manner. 

Steam Engines, Sugar Boilers, Sugar Mills, Kettles, Cauldrons, *5Lc., for 
plantations. 

Wi7-e Clofli and Sieves — Different kinds and sizes, kept constantly on hand. 

American and Foreign Seeds for the Field and Garden — Such as Improved 
Winter and Spring Wheat, Rye, Barley, Oats, Corn, Beans, Peas, Rutabaga, 
Turnip, Cabbage, Beet, Carrot, Parsnip, Clover and Grass seeds, approved 
varieties of Potatoes, &c. These are grown expressly for us, and are fresh and 
superior of their kind. 

Fertilisers. — Guayo, Boncdust, Plaster of Paris, Poudrette, &c. 

Fruit and Ornamental Trees and Shrubs. — Orders taken for these, and executed 
from a choice of the best Nurseries, Gardens, and Conservatories in the 
United States. 

Horses, Cattle, Sheep, and Stvine. — Orders received for improved stock of all 
kinds, which will be executed to the best advantage, and shipped in the most 
careful manner. 

Agricultural Boohs. — A varied and general assortment. 

New Implements, Seeds, cf-c. — The Subscribers request samples sent to them 
of any new or improved Implement, Seeds, &c., which, if found valuable, extra 
pains will be taken to bring them before the public. 

Produce on Consignment. — All kinds of Agricultural Produce will be received 
for sale on consignment. 

A. B. .'\LLEN & CO., 189 and 191 Water street. New York. 



Ol 



CAUTION. 

As certain houses in this city are in the habit of selling Agricultural and 
Horticultural Implements, and Field and Garden Seeds, representing them as 
coming from our establishment, the public is cautioned to be on its guard 
against imposition. All implements and parcels sold by us, which it is possible 
to mark, will be found branded 

" A. B. ALLEN &, CO., 189 and 191 Water St., N. Y.» 

When designmg to call at our warehouse, please to be careful and look 
for the right numbers as above, otherwise impositions may be practised on the 
unwary. 



TAKE PARTICULAR NOTICE!! 

All orders for goods, &c., must be addressed us, post-paid, and accom- 
panied with the money, or a draft at sight, or acceptance, on some re- 
sponsible house in this city, Boston, Philadelphia, or Baltimore. 

The direction for the goods must be written out in full, in a clear, legi- 
ble hand, othei-wise mistakes and delays are hable to occur. 

Insurance will be eflfected at the lowest rates whenever desired. 

Any other kind of goods wanted for the farm, plantation, house, or 
family use, wiU be purchased on the best terms, as we are conversant 
with most kinds of merchandise, and have facilities for executing orders 
not surpassed by any house in this city. 



PRODUCE ON CONSIGNMENT. 

We are prepared to receive all kinds of Agricultural Produce for sale 
on commission ; such as grain, seeds, beef, pork, lard, cotton, sugar, rice, 
tobacco, hemp, wool, &c., &c. 

A. B. ALLEN & CO. 



THE 

AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST, 

A WIONTHI.Y PERIODICAIi, 

Designed to improve the Fanner, the Planter, the Stock-Breeder, and the HorticnlturlA 



A. B. & R. L. ALLEN, Editors. 



Agriculture is the most healthy., the most useful, anil the most noble employment of man. 

Washingtoh. 



ONE DOLIiAR A YEAR IX ADVANCE. 

Three Copies Oiie Year, or One Copy Tliree Years^ $2. 

Published by C. M. SAXTON, 152 Fulton st., N. Y. 



THE AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST is now in the ninth year of its 
publication. From its commencement, it took a high stand, and has 
ever since been considered by the press and all unbiased judges, as the 
LEADING PERIODICAL of its class in America. It has a large and 
rapidly-increasing circulation throughout the United States, the Canadas, 
and other British Possessions, the West Indies, and South America ; and 
we may fearlessly assert, that it has given more reliable information on 
rural subjects, and has been perused with greater general satisfaction, 
than any paper of the kind yet published. 

7%e Agriculturist treats of every description of domestic animal and 
poultry; their mode of breeding, feeding, and rearing; their uses, profits, 
and management. It treats of the various cultivated crops, including 
fruits, shrubbery, and flowers ; the best seeds, modes of planting, culti- 
vating, gathering, and preparing for market ; the general principles of 
vegetation, and the laws of vegetable life. 

It describes the principles of mechanics as applied to machinery employed 
by farmers and planters ; the best machines and implements for agricul- 
ture, their uses, and the particular superiority of some over others, and 
their adaptedness for particular purposes. It gives the latest improve- 
ments m those implements which may have been made, and suggests 
othe»"s; tells where they are to be found, and the benefits that will follow 
from their use. It specifies new objects of cultivation, and how they 
may be better prepared for a profitable market and a more general use. 

This is the great design and scojje of the Agriculturist ; and these are 
the paramount objects of interest throughout America. No country can 
ever enjoy solid prosperity unless an enlightened system of agriculture is 
practised among its people, and this cannot be done except by the aid ot 
works which are written to teach it. Let all aid, then, to spread them 
broadcast throughout the land. It is the duty of every good citizen to do 
this — nothing equal to it can be done to benefit the country. 



ALMACEN DE AGRICULTURA, 

ESTABLECIDO EN LA ClUDAD DE NEW YORK 
Poi los Stuores A. B. ALLEX y COMPANIA, 

CALLE DE WATKR, NO. 191. 

LUS que siiscribenhabiendo desde inucho tiempocunocido lanecesidad que habia 
en esta ciudad de un establecimiento, donde pudiera cncontrarse un surtido de in 
strunientos de agricultura, seinillas, plantas, arboles y abonos, mas escojido y variado 
de lo que existia en New York, abrieron el ailo de 1845 un alinacen en la calle de 
Water, para la venta de todo lo perteneciente al niuio de agricultura. Eilos 

tienen el surtido masabundante y completo que hay en los i'siados Unid(is, y convi- 
dan a todos para que wngan y e.xainiuen personalmeute. Paia dar alguna id'-a de 
su establecimiento y evitar la necesidad de responder i miichas pieguntas publican 
este catalogo, que se distribuira grails a las personas que deseen tenerlo. Todo 
comunicado remitido con el objeto de pedir el caialogo dcbe ser franco de parte. 

El surtido de instrumentos abraza mas de ciento clases diferentes de arados, 
una gran variedad de gradas, cultivadores fcultivators), rodillos, sembradores, po- 
tencias raolrices para caballos ; maquinas ae trillar, para molcr y para cortar los 
tallosdel maiz (maloja) paja y heno; dcsgranadores, palas, legones, azaclas, guada- 
flas, rastros, cuchillos, &c., &c., de todo lo cual se encontrara una descripcion mas 
circumstanciada en el catalogo que se acompaila. Casi todos estos instrumentos 
estan hechos por modelos uuevos y muy mejorados y se garantiza que los materiales 
son de los mcjores y la obra muy fuerte y superior. 

Se hacen toJa obra de fundicion, arados de armazon (skeleton-plows), dientes de 
gradas y obra de fierro de toJas especies por los precios mas equitativos y del mejor 
modo, segun las ordenes que se reciban. 

Maquinas de vapor, refinadores de azucar, trapiches, pailas, calderas, &c., para los 
injenios. 

Tela d£ alambre y ceda2os.—'Se encuentran constantemente de diferentes calidadesy 
tamanos. 

Scmillas para el campo y las huertas — Por ejemplo, trigo de invierno y primavera 
de superior calidad, centeno, cebada, avena, maiz, habas, arbejas (guisantes), na- 
bos, rutabaga, coes, remolacha, zanahoria, chirivia, semilla de trebol y otras } erbas, 
varias clases de papas de superior calidad, &c., &c. Se garantiza que las semillat 
son t'rescas, y de superior calidad. 

Abonos. — Guano del Peru y tambien Africano, cal, yeso, &c., &c. 

Arboksy arbusl-os friUales y de adorno.— Todos los pedidos que vengan de estos arti- 
culos seran atendidos con puntualidad y se escojerau los arboles y arbustos de laa 
mejores huertas y planteles de los Eslados Unidos. 

Caballos, ganatlo va/:uno, carneros y cerdos. — Todas las ordenes que se reciban para 
reraitir animales de todas especies seran ejecutadas con todo esniero, y se electuara 
el embarqiie con mucho cuidado. 

Librns dc agricvMura. — Hay de venta un surtido general y abuiidante de estos. 

Xiicvos insirumenhs, snnilfns, cf-c — Los que subscriben tendran mucho gusto de 
recibir mue.siras de todos instrumentos nuevos y mejorados, de semilias, &c., y ha- 
ran todo lo posible desu parte para darlos a conocer al publico, si en su opinion lo 
merecen. 

Pridos en consignacion. — Se recibira loda especie de trutos para vender en eon- 
signacion. 

A. H. ALLEN y Ca., New York, calle de Water, No. 191. 

Enero, 1851. 

The Anierican Agriciiltuii>t. 

(el AGRICULTOR AMERICANO.) 

Esta obra consisre de treinta y dos pajinas dc odaoo, y tiene muchas y hermobas 
laminas. Su objeto es instruiral labrador, hacendado, criador de animales y al jai- 
dinero. Su editor es el Sciior A. B. Allen, y la publican el eiior Chahi.es U. 
Sa.\toNj de New York. El precio de la suscripcion es un peso fuerte por 
alio. E; dec'imo volumen principio el 1" de Enero de 18.01. Se venden los vohi- 
menes anteriores encuadert>ados con elegancia y uniformidad por el pr^^cio di 
tl.SSc- 



Entrepot d'Instrumens aratoires^ 

A NEW YORK, FONDfi EN 1845, 

PAR MESSRS. A. B. ALLEN et Oie., 

191 WATER STREET, NEW YORK. 

Les fermiers, planteurs et horticulteurs trouveront I'assortiment le plus com 
plot d'instrumens aratoires, perfectionnes, <le tons genres, q>u ait jamais ete of 
fert en vente a New York, en s'adressant a I'etablissement ci-dessus men- 
tionne. La plupart de ces instriimens sent fabriques d'apres les plus nouveaux 
modeles et les perfectionnemens les plus recens ; ils sont construits 
avec beaucoup de soliditeet des meilleurs materiaux, et seront vendus aux prix 
les plus modeies, au comptant. 

Au noinbre de ces instrumens,on trouvera plus de cent differentes es- 
peces de charrues, sortant des manufactures de New York et de celles de Rug- 
gles, Nourse et Mason, de Worcester, etat du Massachusetts, et qui sont adap- 
tees a I'usage du Sud aussi bien qu' a celui du Nord ; des herses de grandeurs 
et de formes differentes ; des rouleaux en bois et eii fonte, fabriques d'apres un 
nouveau procede ; des semoirs d'un nouveau genre pour toute espece de graines ; 
cultivateurs, avec diverses especes de dents; machines pour economiser le tra- 
vail a chevaux (horse-potvers), soit en bois ou en fer de fonte, tres solides et 
d'une qualite superieure ; instrumens pour battre le gram; vans; moulins a 
moudre le mai's, de nouvelle invention ; egrenoirs, soit a la main, soit par des 
chevaux, ceux-ci pouvant egrener 200 boisseaux d'epis de ma'is par heure ; 
coupe-legumes, pouvant couper un boisseau de racines pour bestiaux en deux 
minutes; hache-pailles, faux, rateaux, beches, pelles, houes; en un mot, des 
instrumens aratoires de toutes sortes pour les travaux des champs et du jardi- 
uage. 

Moulures pour les dififerentes especes de charrues fabriquees a New York. 

Graines de fer mage et de jardinage. — Un assortiment choisi de toutes les 
varietes, telles que le ble d'hiver et de printemps, Ire qualite, seigle, orge, 
avoine, maiis, feves, pois, navets, rutabaga, choux, betteraves, panais, trefle, 
graines de gazon, et diverses especes perfectionnees de pommes de terre. 

Tamiset toile de fil defer de differentes especes et constamment en magasin 

Engrais. — Guano du Perou et de I'Afrique, cendres d'os, chaux, platre de 
Paris, etc. 

Arbresfruitlers, arbustes, etc. — Des commandes pour cette partie seront ex^cu- 
tees en faisant un choix dans les meilleures pepinieres, serres-chaudes, etc., 
deti Etats-Unis. 

Chevaux, bestiaux, moutons, cochons. — Des commandes seront fidelement execu- 
tees en vue de I'avantage de I'acquereur. 

U)i catalogue descrzjoiz/, de 100 pages, avec gravures sur bois, sera envoy e 
gratis, en s'adressant franc de port aux soussignes 

Janvier, 1851. 



The American Agriculturist, 

REVUE MENSUELLE DE 32 PAGES 

In-8vo, ornee de nombreuses gravures. — Prix d'abonnement, $1 par an, 
Oa fera une deduction a ceux qui achetent pour revendre. 

A. B. ALLEN et Cie. 
No. 191 Water street. New York. 






con 



% 33. 5(Uen u. So., I9i 3[Qatcr ©t., m. g. 



J5«t awaiiflcl fines etaMiffemcnte!, in itic((|cni einf gtppete 7fu6ira()t Oftft^iettnariipet Metbaiiqorath" 
fi^aften unli munnigfaltiget ©ctrcifctaricn, Sdnicteicn, *Pf[ain<n, Don BcmMien un& JiiingunggjiMtcrial, 
tli bi6()cr in itgnii) eintm SotaU bcjogcn rocrtcn fann, i|i fd)r allgcmcin <:nlpfun^cn ; um Cicftni ibeiifir^ 
niffe abiu()ctffn, ctrii{)tct«n Sn6c8iini(tf(^riebcno im ?:a()re 18-15 ein acnorcnlagcr jcDcr 'Mrt iuni Mitbw 
jtl^Stigcr (Segcnflantc 3!o. iffiaicr (Etreet. 3n ^cn ajeteinigicn etaatcn l)abcn irir fcie a»6gc6cl)tu>(l< 
un& ooHflanbigile Musroal)! tec bcjcidjnctcn 7(rtifcl bcfiaiitig un JFjaiit unb laten bas <publiciini ergcbonfl 
ein, bajlclbc ju bcfiidjen unb fiber bic ©iitf tciTelbcn felbft (ii utthcilcn. ffiit liabcn biefes B«r)t:id)niS 
fttuden laffcn, um annahcningsitcife cine 3Bec pon iinfcrcni e^iabliiVnient ju geben uni) uni nid)t fernet 
flen6l()igt 311 fciii, aiif Knfr.igcn (u antirorteii ; bnffilbe mirb auf aSctlangeii einem 3ebai u n e n ( g e I b : 
I i i) jugcfledt irerben, rcefaQfigc iDiitl()eilungen fi'ib icbcd) pctiofrei einiufenben. 

Tiit Se to 1 1) f(f) af te n an ^anb begrcifcn niebr al6l»uiidertcctfcf)iebene 2(rten oon ^flfigen, 
dne grcfe iWannigfaliigfeit ocn CPggen, „5iiltioatcrs", SKolIen, G.ienmf*iiicn, OTafc^inen pon fin= una 
■«f)tfa(J)ct s^fertefraft (Horse-Powers), ?cefi;^niafd)iMfii, ffliihrcn, Selb|1angcn, Gtrel): unb $cufd)nci> 
»«n, OTafrfjinen (iim @'ntl)iilfin bo6 (?ctreibcS, ©djaufcln, Spaten, i?a(t(n, (sidieln, ©enfcn, OTciJct, u. ic. 
tilt ndf)txc g?cf*rcibung berfelben i|} in bem bcitoiumenben ^uialogc nadijufchen. Cbmgenunnte Ot> 
tatf)f(^aflen finb mcillens nad) neuen unb fel)r octbtffetten iWuftcrn ungcfertigt. iOtan (IcM 
ftafiit ein, iai fi« au« bem bcften TOatetial geacbeitct, auf bie bauct()aftc(ic iffieife jufammengefefit uiib wn 
Wt|figlid)em 'Hnfc()n [inb. 

Ouficaaren, ©[eletsfpfluge (Skeleton-Plows), S'ggcnjapfen unb atte Krten ?ifeiitraa= 
ttn tcerben auf iBepertung auffi SSejle unb QSiffigfle angcfctligf, 

Xiampfmafc^incn, 3u(fetf(ffel, 3u(tcrmul)lcn, grcf c unb Heine Seffel it. jum (3ebr..ii(^ 
anf ben '^.'lantagen, 

Iitathroerf unb Siebe^ oon ocrfe^iebcnet ^tt unb Orcpe, finb immer oorrdthig. 

S«lb> unb OarJcn:<5dmetcicn — 1. *. : aCintet: unb 5tul)lings ; SOeijen, Sioggtn, 
Oerjle, ^afer, liittifijer SSciicn, OBohnen, 5tbfen, Mutabaga, Siiiben, iio()(, Wuntelriibcn, toil)« Ruben, 
<Paflina(ten, Jtlcc: unb ©ruS:Saanicn, oerebelte JTattofTeln perfdjicbener J(tt, k. k, OTan (!el)i bafiit ein, 
6ap [te fri(d) unb pon pcrjfigtidjet Bute finb. 

£;u n g m a te r i a I — ^Vrupinnife^et unb Kfritanifc^er Cuano, 9JfergeI, Ocinaljrtnct Oi)p«, jc. k. 

Stuc^ts unb Oatten = 9Sdume unb i5traud)er. Sie irerben auf iBeneaung aus ben 
OOfffldnbig(ien unb bcfien ajaumfdjuien, jtunflgiirlcn ui\b Ireibhaufern in ben IPet. Staaren be(>9en. 

^fttbt, 9?inbt)ief), ©djafc unb ©t^rocine atler Mtten iretben auf l<c(le(Iung auF«i QSe^e 
btforgt unb mit greater Sorgfatt oet((^iift. 

Bucket — bie Canbirirtljfc^aft bettcffcnb. eine rotrfldnbige Mueirahl bcrftlbcn irirb jum afertaul 
au<geb»ten. 

Sleue (5etdt^f(^aft«n, Sdmeteicn, jc. 5nbegunterfd)ricbene bitten, ibnen OTobede, OT*: 
(let unb Sftoben pon irgenb neuen oetbeffetten OcrallUd^aften, Sdnierflcn jc (uuifenb.n ; irenn (t« fii« 
btaue^bat befunben itetben, fo rpitb man (Id) -iDc dJiObe geben, baj ^Hiblifum banut bcfannt ju niadicn. 

Oetreibt auf Sonfignaticn — llOIe Htun pen OSetreibe iretben }um (Bcrfauf auf eoiiftgna» 
Hen entgegengenommen. 

31. S5. 3nicn S (5o., 191 SB'^ter Street, «Rc».2lorf 

Sanuar, I&5I. 

" The American Agriciilturisi"— 5in monntlieheei iplatt pen <irei unb bteif.iq Geiten Octapo, iiNt 
ja()Iteid)en, gefd)macfpo(Ien aSeriucungen, jur ■X>elil)rung tet t'antirirthe, ^Uaiitag.Mbcfilj.r, i<if|)jiid)tet 
unb bet .^unftl^artncr. ?)etau6gcgeben pon 71. «. H U e n. Cebrudt pen <? h a 1 1 e 6 iff. Saiton, 
J?erti:J)orf. *Pteie! : Sin J^ o 1 I a r iafurid). I^et ic/intc Band b.aonnen am 1. 5anuat. Wurfftdns 
bige sednbe, ge(d)mac!polI unb glci(i)maf!ig gebunbcn juni 2>otfauf. "PreiS $1.25. 

VCf- Sincm 3eben, irclt^er fiit baatc 9Be(aliIiing a?c|1e(Iunaen .auf Ofiter fiit ia^ aCaarcntaget obee 
eubfttiptioncn fut 6en American Agriculturist beirettilcaigt, roctbcn angcmeffcne SommifTtoiKW 
gtgeben. 



PRICES 

OF 

ARTICLES ElVUMERATEU IK CATAI.<»GUE, 

MANUFACTURED OR FOR SALE BY 

A. B. ALLEN &, C O., 

189 AND 191 WATSR STREET, N. Y. 



Boilers, Vegetable, (Mott's,) 15 galloiw, $9; 22 gallons, $V2; 30 gallons, $15; 45 gallons, $20; 6Q 
gallons, ^ ; 80 gallons, $35 ; 120 gallons, $50. 

Bee-Hives, Townley's, $4, Miner's, $5.50 

Bush Hook, $1.12i, handled, $1.50. 

Bull-Rings, 75 cents to $1. 

Brick-Machines, $125 to $300. 

Bai-k-Mllls, $14 to $25. 

Bill or Brier-Hooks, $1 to I. 25. 

BaiTow, Garden, $4.50 to $5. 

Banow, Raihoad, $2.25 to $2.50. 

Bog-Hoe, $1, $1.25, and $1.50. 

Bonedust, ground, 50 cents per busheL 

Caits, miUe aud ox, $30 to .$60. 

Cotton-Gins, $3 to $4 per saw. 

Cultivators, $4 to $5 ; do. Universal, $10 ; steel-toothed, $6, with wheel, $6.50 ; Langdon's, $0 to $7; 
Do. Hand, $3. 

Cotton-Sweeps, $10. 

Cora-Planter, $14. 

CYadles, grain, $2 to $4; Scythes, $1 extra. 

Com-Shellers, Clinton's Box Sheller, single-wheeled, $6.50; do, double-wheeled, $7; do. Iron- 
framed, $9 ; Wai'ing's, $7 to $8 ; Lewis', with Separator, $16 ; Southern do. for hoi-se or hand 
power, $30 ; Smith's do. for horse power, $50 & 80. 

Com and Cob-Crashers, $30 to $103. 

Com and CoSee-Mills, $1.50 to $10 ; for hand or horse, $20 to $30. 

Cattle-ties, 38 to 50 cents each. 

Chui-n, Thermometer, No. 0, for one or two cows, $3 ; fur three to five cows, No. 1, $3.50 ; for five to 
eight cows, No. 2, $4 ; Iwger sizes, fiom $4.50 to $10, 



LIST OF PRICES. 

Churns, Kendall's, for one or two cows, $-2 ; for three to Ave cows, S-i.aU to 9'^ : foi- livt. to eii^in. 
cows, $3 ; for eight to fifteen cows, $3.50 ; for fifteen to tweuty-flve cows, $4. 

Cheese-Presses, $6.50 to $7.50. 

Chisels, Grafting, 63 cents. 

Edging-Knives, 75 cents to $1. 

Fanuing-Mills, Allen's, $18 to $30 ; Grant's, $21 to $27 ; Clinton's, $1 1 to $15. 

Flower Gatherers, 62 i cents to $1. 

Forges, Portable, $25 to $40. 

Forks, Manure, Phcenix, Palridgo's, White's, Denning & Hart's, and other makers', 75 cents to $3. 

Forks, Hay, various makers, 50 cents to $1.50. 

Fountains, $10 to $150. 

Garden Eii?,'iues, $30 to $50. 

Grain Drills, $100 to $150. 

Grain Hills, Burr Stone, fbr horse, steam and water power, Nicholas it Marsli's, 12-inch, $00 ; 
16-in., $80; 20-in., $100; 24-in., $140; 30-ln., $175; Piatt's Mills, from $10 to $25 Isu. 
Fitzgerald's, $i^5. Allen's Imjiroved Horse or Hand-Power Iron Mill, $25 ; do. hand pow- 
er, $5.50 to $6.50. 

Grindstones, 2i to 3 cents per lb.; on stand with treadle and friction rollers, $7.50 to $10 each. 

Garden or Field Rollers, for hand, $10 to $16 ; for horse, 30 to $75. 

Guano, 2 to 3 cents per lb.. 

Harrows, Geddes', 14-toothed, $8.50; 18 do. $10; 22do.$12; 26 do. $13; 30 do. $14; Square, 
$5 to $8. Scotch or Double Square Ilaiiows, $12; also otiier kinds at vaiious prices. 

Horse-Hay Rakes, $7.50 to $9. 

Horse Powers, Taplin's 20-foot circle, $80 to $85; Trimble's two-horse, $60; four-horse, $90 ; 
Allen's Improved Ono-Horso Endless-Chain or Railway Power, $85; two-howe, $105; Im- 
proved Iron, $80 to $100. 

Hoes, a great vai ioty, 37J cents to $1. 

Hammers, Anderson's patent, $1 to $1.25. 

Lactometers, $2 to $5. 

Mowing Machuies, $140 to $160. 

NeJV-York Loio- Priced Plows. 

Eagle No. 1, $5 ; No. 2, $5.50 ; No. 1 B., $4.50. 

3. M. &. Co. No. 1, $3 ; do. No. 2, $3.50 ; do. No. 3, $4.,50 ; d.». No. 4, $5. 

Dutcher No. U, $4.50; do. No. 2, $5. 

No. 18, $3; No. 18i, $3.25 ; No. 19, $3.50; No. 191, $4.50; No. 20, $5; No. 21, $5.50; No. 2SI, 

$6.50. 
Three-Share Plows, .$5.50 to $6.50. 
Langdon Potato Plow, $6 to $7.50. 
Southern Plows, No. lOJ, .$2; No. Hi-, $2.25; No. 12^ $2.50; No. 13i-, $4; No. Al, ^25; No. 

A2, $2.50 ; No. 14, $2.50 ; No. 15, $3. 
Oast-iron Coulters, tm additional charj^e of 50 cents. With steel edge and band, $1. 



LIST OF PRICES. 



Worcester Improved, Eagle and other Plows. 



Plows, 



Light Horse,"" 
Medium do. 
Light do. 

Medium do. 
Two Horse, do. 
Large Horse, • • • 
Two Horse, • • • ■ 
Large Horse,.- 
Two do. 



Name. 



'* C(_) 



Wheel or 
Cutter. 



Four Horse,.. 
Three Horse, 



Large Horse, 

Two do. 

do. do. 

Three Horse, . • • 

Four Horse, 

Three Horse, 

Four Horse, 

Light Horse, 

Two Horse,-.. • 

do. do. 
Three Horse, . . • 
Four Horse, • . . • 
Light Two Horse, 
Large Horse, • • • 
Two Horse,.. .. 
Six Horse, 

do, do. 
Cotton, 



Rice, • 
Ridging 



No. 14, $3 25 

15, 4 501 

Al, 325 

A 2, 4 50 

A3, ....•• 700 

IB .,..•• 600 

2B, 7 50 

Imp. Eagle, No. 0, ... • 6 00 
do. do. 1,..., 8 00 
do. do.l&36,Coul. 9 00 
do. do. 2, . . . • 8 50 
do. do. 2,Coul. 10 00 
do. do.20&25, .•• 10 00 
do. Sward C...... 9 00 

do. do. B,.....10 00 

do. do. D,Coul.J2 00 

Eagle S. Sharp., No. i 5 00 

do. do. do. 2 6 50 

do, do, do. 3 8 50 

do. do. do. 4 9 50 

do do. do. 5 10 50 

Left Hand do. No. 40 10 00 

do. do. do. 41 12 50 

No. Side Hill, ••••• 5 00 

" A 1 ".,.... 9 00 

'< A 2 " 10 00 

«' A 3, " ....•• 12 00 

" A 4 " 14 00 

7 00 

" Sub-Soil, 5 50 

" 1 " ...... 7 00 

« 2 " 

" 3 " ,...•• 

Davis 6 inch, 

7 " 

Trenching, 

No. 1 Double Mould 



S8 00 
..7 00 

• •8 75 
..7 00 
..9 25 

10 25 

• •9 75 
.1125 
.1150 
.10 50 
.1150 
.13 50 



Wheel and 
Cutter. 



D, Rod 

Wheel & 
Cutter. 



2 
3 

4 to 8 



..7 50 

• •9 75 
.10 75 
.12 00 

• 11 50 

• 14 00 



.$9 00 
..8 00 

• 10 00 

• 8 00 

• 10 50 

• 11 50 

• 11 00 

• 12 50 

• 13 00 
.1200 

• 13 00 

• 15 00 



10 25 

11 50 

13 50 

D. Rod 15 00 
D. Rod 

6 50 

8 50 

D. Rod 12 00 
D. Rod 15 00 



3 25 . . . . 
3 50 .... 

6 00 ... . 
3 50 • . . . 

7 00 ... . 

8 00 

10 to .f 20 



• •8 50 
11 00 

• 12 00 

• 13 50 
.13 00 
.15 50 



1150 
13 00 
,15 00 



Sn 00 

12 00 
11 50 

13 00 

14 00 

13 00 

14 00 
16 00 



11 50 

12 50 
14 50 
14 00 
16 50 

12 00 
14 00 
16 00 



W. & D. Rod 
......8 00 

10 00 

13 50 

16 50 



1.25. 



Additional HigUy-Finislied Plows. 

No. 101, $3; No. lli,$3,50; No.'w.l, $4.50; No. 13^, $7. 

Corn, $4 ; seed, $4.50. 

No. 1, M. & Co., $4.50; No. 2, M. & Co., .S5.50 ; No. 3, M. & Co., «7.50 ; No. 4, M. & Co., 

No. 18, $4.50 ; No. ISJ, $5 ; No. 19, $5.50 ; No. lOJ, $7 ; No. 20, $7.50 ; No. 21, $8. 

50 cents additional for Draft Rod, $1.25; for Coulter and Wlieel, 

Besides the above, we have very many other patterns. 

Pumps, $3.50 to $15 and upwards, pipe extra. 

Post-Spoons, $1.25 to $1.50. 

Plaster of Paris, $1 to $1.50 per bbl. 

Poudrette, $1.50 to $2 per bbl, 

piajung Machine, $75 to $1,000. 



LIST OF PRICES. 

Pole Pnining-Shears, $3 to $5.50. 

Pnming-Saw mid Chisel, $2. 

Pruning-Scissors, C'J cents to $1^. 

Pruning Slidiug-Shears, $2 to $5. 

Reaping-Jlachincs, $130 to $170. 

Rice-Threshers, S80 to $100. 

Rice-Hullers, hauJ-power, $70 to $75 ; horse-power, $90 to $135. 

Root-Pullei-s, 12i cents per lb. 

Rakes, various kinds and prices 

Seed-Sowers, $8 lo $14. 

Scythes, Grain, Grass, Bush and Lawn, 75 cents to $1.25. 

Smut-Machines, $60 to $100. 

Straw and Hay-Cutters, Ruggles', Towers', Stevens' Ilovey's, Greene's & Langdon's, $7 to $25; 

Hand-cutting box, $.3. 
Stalk, Straw and Hay-Cutters, Sinclair's 9-inch, $25 ; 11-inch, $-^8 ; 14-inch, $45 ; \i<>ii':>, No. 1, $25, 

Todd & Marshall's, $12. 
Scrapers, Road or Ox, $4.50 to $8. 
Sausage-Stuffers, $4.50 bo $5. 
Sausage-Cutters, $5, $10 to $15. 
Sugar-Crushers, $10 to $25. 

Shovels and Spades, a good assortment, 75 cents to $1.25. 
Scales, $7 to $50. 

Saw-MiUs, portable, $300 to $1,500. 
Sneathes, 50 cents to $1. 
Scufllers, or Dutch Hoes, 37 J cents to $1. 
Threshers, Allen's one-horse, ^28 ; do. with Separator, $35 ; two-horse, do. $35 to S5p ; Taplin's, $40 ; 

Whitemau's do. with Separator and Cleaner, for one or two horses, $100 -TTrimble's 825 ; 

Warren's $25. 
Trucks, $3.30 to $10. 
Tool Chest, lloriiculuirat, $18 tc $20. 

Do. Carpenter's. $40 to $1'>H. 
Trowels, traii^pliinlini,' 50 to 75 c>:Mt'. 
Vegetable-l'uilers. S12. 



Addcnda. 



Forks, Weeding, 37i to 75 cents. 
Glass Milk Pans, $!) to $12 per dozsn. 
Rakes, Cranberry, $1.75 to $2.50. 

" Floral, 37i to 50 cents. 
Tree Scrapers, 37i to 62i cents. 



PEICES 



UNENUMERATED ARTICLES. 



Axes, Collins's, Hunt's, Simmon's, Davis's, and other various patterns, SI to $] 2S, 
Axes, half, 50 to 75 cts. 
Augers, Post-hole, $4 to $5. 
Apple-Parers, 75 to $2 50. 

Beams, Scale, 50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 lbs. $2 23 per beam ; 75 cts. for each a* 
ditional hundred. 
Bows, Ox, 25 to 50 cts. per pair. 
Brushes, Caterpillar, 31 cts. each. 
Brushes, Horse, 75 to SI 25 eacL 
Bow, Ox, Keys, 12| to 25 cts. per pair. 
Books, Agricultural and HorticulturaL (See list of Prices.^ 

Cheese-Hoops, 25 cts. each. 

Cattle-Cards, brass and iron, 25 to 50 cts. 

Chains, Ox and Log, 9 to 12J cts. per lb. 

Chains, Trace, 50 to 75 cts. per pair. 

Do, Dog, Halter, Cattle-ties, &c., 23 to 50 cts. 

Crowbars, 8 to 10 cts. per lb. 

Corn-Hooks, 50 cts. each. 

Chairs, ornamental iron, for gardens,4 50. 

Clover-Hullers, S20 to $80. 

Curry- Combs, Crank's various kinds, &c 

Ditching-Spades, 75 cts. to $1 25. 

Engines, Steam, S300 to S2500. 
Engines, Plantation, $40 to $150. 

Furnaces, Agricultural, $9 to $50, 
Flails, 63 to 87 cts. 
Fleams, 38 to 50 cts. 

Grass Hooks, 38 to 63 cts. 

Grindstone-Rollers, 75 cents to $2. 60 per sets. 



LIST OF PRICES. 

Grafting-Saws, 63 cts. to Si 50. 
Garden-Reels, 75 cts. 
Garden-Lines, 25 cts, 
Grain-Measures, $1 to S2 per sett. 
Garden-Pumps, Cooper's, S5 50. 
Garden-Syringes, SI to $6. 
Gin-Gear castings, 2 8-4 to 4 1-2 cts per Ik 
Grape-Cutters, 50 cts, to $2 50. 

Hammers, 75 cts. to $1 50 each. 
Hooks, Potatoe, 50 cts. to $1 50. 
Hooks, Manure, 75 cts. to SI. 
Handles, Hoe, Shovel-Fork, ice. 
Hay-Presses, .$00 to $125. 
Hatchells, SlO to $30 per set. 

Knives, Hay and Straw, SI to $1 50. 

do. Budding and Pruning, 50 cts. to $1. 

do. Cane, 50 cts. to SI 25 each, 

do. Peat and Ditching, $1 to $2 each. 

do. Farrier, .38 to 50 cts. 
Knobs, Ox, 12J to 25 cts. 

Lime, 4 to 8 cts. per bushel. 

Muzzles, Ox, 38 to 75 cts. per pair. 
Mattocks, handled, $1 25 to f 1 50. 
Mills, Paint, $6 to $16. 
Morticing-Machines, $20 to S50. 

Pickaxes, 75 cts. to$l 25. 
Potatoe-Hooks and Fork, 50 cts. to $1 50. 

Rifles, Scythe, 6 to 12^ cts. each. 
Rat-Traps, 75 cts. 
Rollers, $1 50 per set. 
Rein-snaps, 12^ to 25 cts. 
Riddles, Fan, 75 cts, to $L 

Sickles, 38 to 75 cts. 

Stones, Scythe, duinebaiig, and Indian pond, 6i to 1S| c«a 

Shears, Sheep and Horse, 75 cts, to $1 25. 

Saws, Circular, $5 to $25, 

do. Crosscut, S4 to SlO, 

do. Hand, &c., 75 cts, to $1. 60. 

Twig-Cutters, 50 cts. to S2. 

Tallies, Garden, S2 25 to S3 50 per hundred. 

Vases and Urns, ornamental for gardens, 

Whiffletrees, double, S3 to S3 50 ; single, SI tD $1 50. 
Wrenches, patent, SI 50 to S3 50 

do. Malleable, 50 cts. 
WooJ-Sawiug Miichiues, -$35 to $50. 



LISr OF PRICKS. 

Wheel Heads, 50 to 75 cts. 

Well Pulleys, SI to U 25, 

Washing-Machines, $5 to $10. 

Wagons Farm and Plantation, $70 to ^i2b. 

Wheels, Cart and Waggon, S'30 to $50 per pair. 

Yokes, Neck, $2 to $3 25. 
do. Ox, SI to SI 50, ironed S2,50 to $5. 

Vanes, $10 to S25. 

f^ A liberal discount made from the above prices, at wholesale. 
Machinery &e., furnished to order. 



-i'. 



Prices of Grasses and 01o¥ers. 

Blue Grass, per bushel, S2 to $3. 

Herds Grass, or Red Top, per bushel, $1 to SI 50. 

Lucerne, per lb. 25 to 35 cents. 

Orchard Grass, per bushel, S2 to S2 50. 

Ray Grass, per bushel, S3. 

Red Clover, per lb. 7 to 10 cents. 

Tall Oat Grass, $3. 

Timothy, per bushel, S2 to S4. 

White Clover, per lb. 25 to 35 cents. 

In our assortment of Garden Seeds may be found the varieties mentioned bek w, 
with others not included. 



ARTICHOKE, Green Globe, 
ASPARAGUS, Giant, 
ENGLISH BEANS, Windsor, 

Early Long Pod, 
DWARF BEANS, Early China, 

Early Valentine, 

Early Yellow Six Weeks, 

Early Mohawk, 

Large White Kidney, 

Refugee, or Thousand to One, 
POLE BEANS, Dutch Case Knife, 

Horticultural Cranberry, 

Large Lima, 

Saba, or Carolina Lima, 

Scarlet Runner, 

White Dutch Runner, 

Red and White Cranberry, 
BEET, Best Early Blood Turnip 

Early Yellow Turnip, 

Early Scarcity, 

Long Blood Red, 

Smooth Long Dark Blood, 

White Sugar, 

Mangel Wurtzel, 
BROCOLI, Early White, 

Early Purple, 



Large Purple Cape, 

White Cape or Cauliflower, 

Chappell's New Cream Coloii d, 
BRUSSELS SPROUTS, 
CABBAGE, Early York or Juii;-, 

Early French Oxheart, 

Early Sugarloaf, 

Early Flat Battersea, 

Large York, 

Large Drumhead Winter, 

Large Flat Dutch, 

Large Bergen or American, 

St. Denis Drumhead, 

True Green Glazed, 

Green Globe Savoy, 

Fine Drumhead Savoy, 

Red Dutch, 

Kohl Rabbi, above ground, 
CAULIFLOWER, Early London, 

Large Late, 
CARROT, Early Horn, 

Long Orange, 

Altringham, 

Large White Field, 
CELERY, White Solid, 

New Silver Giant, 



GARDEN AND FIELD SEEDS. 



Large Manchester Red, 
COLEWORT or Collards, 
CORN SALAD orFetticus, 
CRESS, Curled, or Peppergrass, 

Broad Leal', 

Water or Winter, 
CUCUMBER, Early Frame, 

Early Cluster, 

Early White Spine (very fine), 

Short Prickly, 

London Long Green, 

Extra Long Green Turkey, 

Gherkin or West India, 
EGG PLANT, Purple, 
ENDIVE, Green Curled, 

Broad Leaved Batavia, 
CORN, Sweet or Sugar, 

Earlv Tuscarora, 

Early White Flint, 
KALE, Green Curled Scotch, 

Sea 
LEEK, Large Scotch or Flag, 

London, 
LETTUCE, Early Curled Silesia 

Early White Cabbage, 

Brown Dutch, 

Large Green Head, 

Fine Imperial Cabbage, 

Brown Silesia Head, 

Large India, 

Butter, or Summer, 

Ice Coss, 

Paris Green Coss, 

Fine Mixed Lettuces, 
MELON, Green Citron, 

Nutmeg, 

Pine Apple, 

Skillman's Fine Netted, 

Persian, 

Large Yellow Cantaloup, 

Large Musk, 

Long Island Water. 

Mountain Sprout, 

Citron Water for preserves, 
MUSTARD, White or English, 

Brown, 
NASTURTIUM, 
ONION, Wethersfield, Large Red, 

Yellow Dutch, 

Yellow Silver Skin, 

White Portugal, 
OKRA, Green and White, 
PARSLEY, Plain or Common, 

Curled or double, 
PARSNIP, Long Smooth, 
PEAS, Early Warwick, 

Early Frame or June, 

Early Washington, 

Early Charlton, 

Early Double Blossom, 

Dwarf Blue Imperial, 



Large White Marrowfat, 

Dwarf Marrowfat, 

Green Marrowfat, 
PEPPER, Cherry, 

Long or Cayenne, 

Tomato-shaped or Squash, 

Large Bull-nose, 

Large Sweet Spanish, 
PUMPKIN, Connecticut Field, 

Large Cheese, 
RADISH, Wood's Early Frame, 

Early Short-top Long Scarlet, 

Long Salmon, 

Early Scarlet Turnip, 

White Turnip, 

Yellow Turnip, 

Black Fall Spanish, 
RAPE, for Greens, 
RHUBARB, Early Tobolsk, 

Myatt's Victoria, 
SPINACH, Round or Summer, 

Prickly or Fall, 
SALSIFY, or Vegetable Oyster, 
SaUASH, Early Yellow Bush Scollop, 

Early White Bush Scollop, 

Early Bush Summer Crookneck, 

Green Striped Bergen, 

Fall or Winter Crookneck, 

Autumnal Marrow, 

Lima Cocoanut, 
TOMATO, Large Smooth, Red, 

Large Yellow, 

Small Yellow, 
TURNIP, Early Flat Dutch or Spring, 

Early Snowball, 

Early Red-top Flat, 

Early Garden Stone, 

Red and White Top Strap-leaf, 

Large Flat, 

Large English Norfolk, 

Pomeranian White Globe, 

Long White, or Cow Horn, 

Long Tankard or Hanover, 

Yellow Stone or Orange, 

Yellow Aberdeen, or Bullock, 

Long Yellow French, 

Purple-top Ruta Baga, 

Asparagus Roots 

Red Onion Sets, 

Garlic, 

Seeds in Papers, 



The above furnished in any quantity. 
Prices of these are so subject to variation 
w« cannot well give them. 



LIST OF WORKS 



rKRTAINIJtn TO 



AGRICULTURE AND RURAL ECONOMY, 

FOR SALE BY 

A. B. ALLEiN & CO., 

191 WATER ST., NEW YORK. 



American Flower Garden Directory. $1 26. 
American Shepherd. $1. 
American Farmer's Encyclopedia. $4. 
American Florist. 38 cents. 
American Poulterer's Companion. $1. 
Allen's Domestic Animals. 76 cents. 
Allen's Compend of Agriculture. $1. 
Allen's Treatise on the Grape. 62 cents. 
Allen's American Herd Book. $3. 
American Poultry Book. 37 cents. 
American Husbandry. $1. 
American Turf Register and Stud Book. By 

P. N. Edgar. $2, 
Boussingault's Organic Nature. 50 cents. 
Buist on the Rose. 75 cents. 
Buist'g Kitchen Gsbrdener. 76 cents. 
Bridgeman's Young Gardener's Assistant, 

new edition, much enlarged. $2. 
Bridgeman's Fruit Cultivator's Manual. 62 

cents. 
Bridgeman's Kitchen Gardener. 62 cents. 

" Florist's Guide. 62 cents. 

Bees, Pigeons, Rabbits, and the Canary Bird, 

familiarly described. 37}i cents. 
Browne's Trees of America. $5. 
Browne's American Poultiy Yai'd. $1. 
Cattle, Treatise on. $3. 

Clater and Youatt's Cattle Doctor. 50 cents. 
Cole on the Diseases of Animals. 50 cents. 
Chemistry Applied to Agriculture, by M. Le 

Comte Chaptal. 50 cents. 
Complete Farmer and Rural Economist, by 

Thomas G. Fessenden. 75 cents. 
Dana's Prize Essay on Manures. 12% cents. 
Downing's Fruit Trees. $1 50. 

•'' Landscape Gardening. $3 50. 
'• Cottage Residences. $2. 
Every Lady her own Flower Gardener. 

38 cents, 
"^.very Man his own Gardener. 25 cents. 
Lssays on Practical Agriculture, by Adam 

Beatty. of Kentucky. $1. 
Fessenden's American Gardener. 80 cents. 
Farmer's Instructor. By J. Buel. 2 vols. $1. 
Farm Book R. L. Allen. $1. 
Fruit Culturist, by J. J. Thomas. 62 cents. 
First Lessons in Botany. 25 cents. 
Gray's Botanical Text Book. $1 50. 
Gari'.ners Farmer's Dictionary. $1 50. 
Ganlening for Ladies, and Companion to the 

Flower Garden, by Mrs. Loudon $1 50. 
Hind's Kairiery. 75. 
Hawker on Shooting $2 .50. 
Hoare ou the Vine. 63 cts. 
Hc-se, its Habits ard Management. 25 cts. 



Honey Bee, its Natural History, &c . with 

35 engravings- 31 cents. 
Ives' New England Fruit Book. 62 cents. 
Johnson's Agricultural Chemistry. $1 25. 
Johnson's Modern Gardener. $2 25. 
Johnson's Catechism of Agricultural Cne 

mistry and Geology. 25 cents. 
Knowlson's Cattle or Cow Doctor. 25 cents. 
Lang's Highland Cottages. $1 50. 
Liebig's Agricultural and Animal Chemistry. 

25 cents each. 
Liebig's Familiar Letters on Chemistry. 

12>^ cents. 
Loudon's Encyclopsedia of Agriculture (Eng 

lish). $10. 
Loudon's Encyclopedia of Gardening. $IA, 
Villa and Cottage .Architecture. $V\ 
" Encyclopsedia of Agriculture. 
" Suburban Gardener. $6. 
" Trees and Shrubs. $14. 
" Plants. $20 

" Gardener's Magazine, 19 vols. $35. 

" Hortus Britannicus. S12. 

Muck Manual for Farmers. 50 cents. 
Miles ou the Horse's Foot. 25 cents. 
Mason's Farriery. $1. 
New American Orchardist, by Wm. Ketrick. 

873^ cents. 
ParnelPs Applied Chemistry. $1. 
Ruschenberger's Horsemanship. $1. 
Rural Economy. By Boussingault. $1 50. 
Spooner on the Grape. 38 cents 
Stable Economy, by Stewart. Revised by 

A. B. Allen. $1. 
Stewart's Planter's Guide. $1 25. 
Stable Talk. $1. 
Stewart on Drainage. $1 25. 
Sheep, A Treatise on. By A. Blacklock. 069. 
Stock RaLser's Manual. $3. 
Townley on the Honey Bee. 50 cents. 
Taylor's Bee-Keeper's Manual. $1 25. 
Treatise on Milch Cows. 38 cents. 
Torry's FloiKt of N. America. $6. 
Ure'a Diet, of Arts, Manufactures, &c. $8. 
Vegetable Kingdom, or Hand Book of Plauti, 

$1 25. 
Youatt on the Horse ; a new edition. $i 7* 
Youatt on the Dog. $1 50. 
Youatt on the Pig. 65 cents. 



THE 

AMERICAJV FARM BOOK, 

OR 

COMPEND OF AMERICAN AGRICULTURE, 

CONTAIXING A CONCISE AND PLAINLY-WRITTEN EXPOSITION OF DUTIES PERTAINING 

TO THE CULTIVATION OF THE EARTH, THE MANAGEMENT OF THE FARM, &C.,&C., 

ON PRACTICAL SCIENTIFIC PRINCIPLES. 



BY R. ].. ALLEN. 



The cheapest and most valmible book for a farmer ever printed ; being 
a complete guide, both practical and scientific, for the 

JWANAGE.1IENT OF THE FARM. 



Besides the varied practical knowledge which this book imparts, and 
which is indispensable to the proper niaiiageniont of every department 
of agriculture, it gives the elements of other information highly neces- 
sary to a successful farmer, as History, Geology, Chemistry, Botany, 
Physiology, and Mechanics. These branches of knowledge are given as 
applicable to agricultural pursuits, and when properly understood will 
essentially aid and assist the farmer. Li fact, a knowledge of these 
sciences is a s'lre key to wealth for any agriculturist. It gives the modes 
of preparation, and the ellects of all kinds of manures ; the origin, texture, 
divisions, and description of every variety of soil ; the economy of sowing, 
reaping, and mowing, irrigation, and draining; cultivation of the grasses, 
clovers, grains, and roots; Southern und miscellaneous products, as cot- ' 
ton, hemp, flax, the sugar cane, rice, tobacco, hops, madder, woad, &c. ; 
the rearing of fruit — apples, pears, peaches, plums, grapes, &c. ; farm 
buildings, hedges, &c.; with the best methods of planting, cultivating, 
and preparation for market. Illustrated by 100 engravings. 

The reader can form some idea of the above work, from the fact that it 
treats of 800 different subjects important to a farmer. It contains 354 pages, 
and is beautifully bound in cloth, suitable for a library. Price only 
One Dollar. 

NOTICES OF THE PRESS. 

The author has been one of the most able contributors to the acrriciilliiral press for the hisl ten 
yfai>i ; aside from this, he is a practical I'arnior and st^ick-breeder, and consequently knows from hw 
own experience what lie is writing about. — Commercial Jldvcrliscr. 

Tliis work is by a gentleman of known experience; the work is exc<;pdingly cheap, and the 
ftirmer will liiid it a valuable book of reference.-=-.<V. 1'. K.i press. 

It is in fact a brief encyclopedia on the subjects treated, and the fanner will find appropriate 
infonnation on almost any subject coming within his reach. — .Y. )'. Ohsi rvcr. 

Here is a bonk tor the million, precisely what ils title indcates. Coinpiissod within its pages, the 
reader will tind the subject of soils, manures, crops, and animals, treated in a style easily compre- 
hended.— JV. Y. Spirit of the Times. 

This work is what might be expected from one so well qualified for the undertaking. — Boston 
Ciiltieator. 

Why sliiUl not every good farmer economise his muscles by storing his mind ? We hope this 
book will find its way into many family and school libraries. — Jv. I'. "Prihnne. 

We think that Mr. Allen's volume, the basis of which is good practical fanning, as practised by 
tlie best cultivators in the I'nited States, with an inli'Uigent reference to those principles of science 
which lie at the root of all successful practice, is likely to be of as much or more real service to us, 
than any work on agriculture yet issued from the press, and we gladly coniniend it to the perusal 
of every one of our readers engaged in the culti vatiou of the land. — Hurticulturist. 



EXTENSr7E MANFFACTORY AND MACHINE SHOP. 



Connected with our Warehouse, we have a large Manufacturing Es- 
tablishment, for the purpose of making various kinds of Agricultural 
and other Implements and Machinery. Those wishing implements, 
got up differently from what is already manufactured by us, have 
only to send us a model or plain drawing of the Implement or Machine, 
with a description, and we will make it according to order. 

A. B. ALLEN Si CO, 



DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE 



or 



AGRICULTURAL AND HORTICULTURAL 



. IMPLEMENTS, 



FIELD AND GARDEN SEEDS; 

WITH BRIEF DIRECTIONS 

FOR PLOWING, PLAxVTING, SOWING, AND CULTURE ; WITH RULE* 

KOR THE APPLICATION OF GUANO, LIME, PLASTER, 

BONE-DUST, AND OTHER MANURES ; 

ALSO. DIKCCTIORI rOK 

PLANTING AND CULTIVATING FRUIT-TREES. 

*riTH A DISCRIPTIOW OF TH« 

BEST BREEDS OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS, 

AUr THE PROPER TIME AND ItANNP.R OF TR ANJIPORTING THEM SOUTH WH W r-^T 



THIRTEENTH EDITION. 



NEW YORK. 



A. B. ALLEN & CO., 

NEW YORK AGRICULTURAL WAREHOUSE, 191 WATER STREET. 

' 1851. 



Entered according to Act of Congiess, m the year 1848, by 
A. B. ALLEN, & Co. 
in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the Soufliiiro 
District of New York. 



Persans from a distance or rf^-ring iiKh articles as may be illustrated .by cuts, will pkaae 
to specif y from which edition, of our Catalogues they are taken,. 



DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 



PLOWS. 

The plow is the most important implement on ihe farm. It is now 
generally made of cast-iron, and this is not only much the cheapest, but for 
ordinary use, it is also the best. The point, being of cast-iron, is easily 
replaced at a moment's notice, and with trifling expense, when either broken 
or worn out ; and, in consequence of being made from a mixture of several kinds 
of the best metal, it has the tenacity, strength, and durability of the best steel. 
There are upwards of sixty difTerent kinds of plows kejjt in this Agricultural 
Warehouse, among which are the Root-Breaker, I'rairie, Sward, Meadow, Stub- 
ble, Self-Sharpener, Centre-Draught, Corn, Cotton, Rice, Sugar-Cane, Double- 
Mould-board, Trenching, Paring, Ditching, Side-Hill, Horizontal, and Subsoil- 
Plows. They are of various sizes, from one horse to six, and are calculated 
for all kinds of soils. Some of these plows have the common, and some the 
Scotch clevis; some have the draught-rod, while others have a crane-clevis 
attached, so that the team can walk on the sward instead of a wet furrow, or 
the plows can run close by the side of a fence or ditch. The prices vary from 
$2 to $20, according to the size and finish. 

REMARKS ON PLOWING. 

From the complicated structure of the plow, and the manner in which 
circumstances oblige us to apply the draught to the implement, some miscon- 
ceptions have arisen as to the true operation of the draught, and the proper 
manner of its application. Too little is understood of the true principle of draught, 
to enable the plowman to attach his team and arrange the clevis so that the 
plow will do its work properly, and with the least force or power. To render 
this subject intelligible to every mind, the following remarks are made in 
connexion with the plate annexed. Figure 1. — [See next page.] 

Let /; represent the forward end of the beam, and c, the centre of resistance on 
the plow, which may be assumed at 2 inches above the plane of the base of the 
plow, d e, though it is liable to constant changes from the depth of the furrows, 
and constant inequalities in the soil. 



AGRICULTURAL AND HORTICULTURAL TOOLS. 




AGRICULTURAL AND HORTICULTURAL TOOLS. £» 

We have first to consider the particular form of these parts through 
which the motive power is brought to bear upon the plow It is evident that, 
the motive force acts in a direct line from the hook or ring at the shoulder 
of the animal, to the centre of resistance, and were it not for considerations 
of (.onvenience, a straight bar or beam lying in the direction c b, and a'tached 
firirJy to the body at c, would answer all the purposes of draught perhapt better 
than the present beam. But the draught not being the end in view, but merely 
the means by which the end is accomplished, the former is made to subserve 
the latter: and as the beam, if placed in the direct line c to h, would obstruct 
the proper working, of the plow, .we are constrained to resort to an indirect 
action to arrive at the desired effect. This indirect action is accomplished 
through the medium of an angular frame-work, consisting of the beam and the 
body of the plow, so strongly connected together as to form an unyielding 
structure. The effect of the motive force applied to the frame-work at the 
point b, and in the line of b to/, produces the same results as if c 6 were firmly 
connected by a bar in the position of the line c to b, or as if that bar alone were 
employed. 

The average length of the trace chains being 10 feet, including all that inter- 
venes between the clevis of the plow at b, and the horse's shoulders, let that 
distance be set off in the direction 6 to/,- and the average height at the horse's 
shoulders where the chains are attached, being about 4 feet 2 inches, let the 
point/ be fi.ved at that height above the base-line cZ e. Draw the line from /to 
c, which is the direction of the line of draught acting upon the assumed centre 
of resistance, c; and if the plow is in proper trim it will coincide also with the 
ring of the clevis; ec/ being the angle of draught, and equal to 20°. It will 
be readily perceived, that with the same length of hames, the angle e cf is in- 
variable ; and if the plow has a tendency to rise at the heel, or run on the 
point, under this arrangement, it indicates that the ring at b is too high in the 
clevis. Shifting the ring one or more holes downward, will bring the plow to 
■work evenly upon the base of the landside, or work flat. 

If the plow has a tendency to rise at the point of the share, the ring b is too 
low, and must be moved by raising it one or more holes in the clevis. If a 
pair of taller horses be harnessed to the plow, the draught-chains, depth of fur- 
row, and soil (and, by' consequence, the point of resistance c), remaining the 
same, we sliould have the point/ raised, suppose to F ; by drawing the line F 
to c, we have e c F as the angle of draught, which will now be 22", and the 
rmg will be found to be below the line of draught Fc; and if the draught 
chains were apjdied at b, in the direction F b, the plow would have a tendency 
to rise at the point of the share, by the action of that law of forces which 
obliges the line of draught to coincide with the line which pa.sses through or 
to the centre of resistance; hence the ring 6 would be found to rise to B, 
which would raise the point of the share out of its propc" direction. To 
rectify this, the ring must be raised in the clevis by a space equalling that 
between b and B, causing it to coincide with the true line of draught, which 
would again bring the plow to work evenly on the base of the landside, and 
run flat. 



6 AGRICULTURAL AND HORTICULTURAL TOOLS. 

The forcoinc; principles are substantially such as are adopted by the most 
experienced plowmen, and, if properly applied, will not only do the best work, 
but accomplish it with the greatest ease to themselves and their team. If the 
power (or team) is not rightly applied, good work cannot easily be done ; for 
if the plow inclines in or out of the ground too much, or takes too wide or too 
narrow a furrow slice, the plowman must exert force to direct it properly, in 
addition to that required to overcome the obstacles and inequalities in the soil, 
but if the power be rightly applied, the plow will move so accurately as not 
only to perform good work with more ease to both plowman and team, but, in 
soils free from obstruction, even without being guided. 

To effect a proper horizontal movement, the clevis at b or draught-rod (if one is 
used instead of a clevis) must be adjusted and confined at that point, moving it to 
the right or left, if necessary. This will cause the plow to take the proper width 
of furrow slice, which, in sod. should be wider or narrower according to the depth 
of furrow, or rather the thickness of the furrow slice required ; for as the thick- 
ness is increased so also must be the width, in order to turn it easily and per- 
fectly over, particularly when the furrow slices are required to be laid over 
level and side by side. The proportion in ordinary sod should be 6 by 12 inches, 
or 7 by 13 inches. In determining the width of furrow slice, some regard 
must be had to the strength of the particular sod to be turned ; for the same 
plow will turn over a wider slice in a strong or stiff sod, than when running in 
one more easily broken, or it will cripple and double when raised to a perpen- 
dicular position, thus only doing the work called " cut and cover." When the 
slices are required to be laid at an angle, and lapped each one upon the pre- 
ceding, the proportion of width should be less, or about 6 by 10 inches; for the 
narrower the slice in proportion to the depth, the greater will be the inclination 
of the slice as it is lapped upon the preceding one. 

The Cutter. — Simple as it appears to be, this is a very important appendage to 
the plow, as it cuts the furrow slice from the main land with great ease and 
precision, requiring much less power of team than when the slice is broken or 
torn off (which is always done when' a cutter is not used), and the precision 
adds much to the quality and beauty of the work, leaving the slice true and 
straight upon the edge. Much depends upon the cutter being properly formed, 
and set so as to cut the furrow slice in the shape best adapted to turn and 
lie as required. The cutter can be raised or lowered at pleasure, to cut shal- 
lower or deeper, or it can be detached entirely, which always should be done 
in plowing rocky, or very rough or rooty land. The cutter is very useful at 
the South in cutting up the crab, and other tough grasses, thus enabling the 
plowman to cover them up completely with the furrow. 

In order to turn the furrow slice completely over, and do what is termed 
flat-work, or planing, the cutter should pass down from the centre of the 
beam, about three inches forward and above the point of the plow, standing out 
in a line with the face of the landside, so that by placing a straight edge along 
the face of the landside, and forward past the cutter, it shall touch the ponit 
of the cutter. This position causes it to cut slightly under the improved lani 



AGRICULTURAL AND HORTICULTURAL T00T.3. 7 

and leave the furrow slice bevelling upon the edges, and when turned over 
the upper corner will have receded a little from the sod land, and thus admits 
the succeeding slice to drop in fat by its side. 

To lay the furrow slices inclining, and lap them one upon the other, the 
cutter should pass down perpendicularly from the landside of the beam in such 
a way as to cut the edges of the slice at right angles with the sides. Whether 
the cutter be attached at the side or through the beam, it can be bent so as to 
stand in either position. 

The Wheel. — Many advantages are realized in the use of the wheel on the 
plow, ))articularly in turning sod. It serves as a gauge to regulate the depth, 
and can be raised or lowered as required. It admits of the plow being 
drawn by a proper length of chain in any soil ; and, with the aid of the 
wheel, the plow moves steadily and accurately along, being less affected by any 
irregular movement of the learn ; thus performing the work more uniformly, and 
with greater ease both for plowman and team, and the plow is thereby thus 
drawn at a convenient distance from the team. 

The Draught-rod. — By the use of the draught-rod, the liability to break the 
beam is greatly diminished ; and being placed so far from the end, it is not liable 
to be pulled out when doing heavy work ; and another advantage is, the gauge 
of the plow is more easily, accurately, and surely fixed with the draught-rod 
than with a common clevis. 

The Dial-clevis is a recent improvement, which is shown in Figure 2. 
By the use of this, in connexion with the draught-rod, the plow can be made to 
perform its work at any required distance on either side of the team, and the 
depth of the furrow can be gauged to any depth. This will enable the plow 
to work close up to the fence, or the side of a ditch, or turn a furrow in its 
appropriate place, while the team are walking on the sod, or unplowed 
ground. 

Advantages of the Improved Flow. — There are three prominent advantages in 
the use of the best modern imjiroved plows. 1. They are smoother and better 
made, and more durable, without costing as much as the old-fashioned plow 
2. They do the work much more effectually, cutting a deeper, wider, more even, 
and truer furrow. 3 They will do the work with much less expenditure of 
team power. They will also, when properly constructed, pulverize the earth 
as they lift and turn it over, thus effecting that minute and general separation of 
the particles of the soil, which is so essential in preparing it for the ready 
admission of the rootlets of the plants, and enabling them to draw their food 
from every portion of it. Another advantage consists in the fact, that all 
the parts of the plow, both wood and iron, are made from the same moulds, 
and are therefore ail precisely alike. When any part gives oat, it can 
easily be replaced by other parts which have been made by the manufacturer, 
and which may always be purchased with the plows 



AGRICULTURAL AND HORTICULTURAL TOOLS. 





Fiii. 3. 




Fig. 4. 



Explanation of Cutter, Coulter or Fin-Cutter, and Lock-Coulter 

It is proper here to explain the difference between a cutter, a coulter or fin- 
tutter, and lock-coulter, as the terms are loosely used by many as synonymous. 

The Cutter, in Fig. 2, is of wrought-iron, edged with steel of the best quality. 
It passes through a mortice in the centre of the beam, where it is fastened by an 
iron clamp, and reaches down nearly to the point of the share. It can be raised 
or lowered at pleasure, or be taken out of the beam entirely. It is also clasped 
on the side of the beam when required. 

The Coulter or Fin-Cutter, in Fig, 3, is cas*;onto the point of the plowshare 
and thus forms a part of it. 



AGRICULTURAL AND HORTICULTURAL TOOLS. 9 

The Lock-coulter, in Fig. 4, is also made of wrought-iron, steel-edged. 
It passes through the beam, and is made fast with a nut and screw or 
key, and locks through the point and mould-board where they join. 
This gives it great strength, and makes the plow suitable to be used 
among rocks, and especially the roots of newly-cleared land, for 
the lock-coulter cannot be turned on one side nor forced out of its 
place. 

The Cutter, Coulter or Fin-Cutter and Wheel are applicable, and 
are attached when desired, to all sizes of plows, excepting the 
smaller sizes ; and one or all are used upon the same plow as may be 
desired. 



DESCRIPTION OF THE GENUINE 

IMPROVED EAGLE, SELF-SHARPENER, SUBSOIL, AND OTHER 

HIGHLY-FINISHED PLOWS. 

These are made by the proprietors from patterns of their own peculiar 
invention; and in the great variety of sizes, forms, and fixtures, are found 
those adapted to all kinds and conditions of soil, and modes of culture, in 
the different parts of the Union. 

In the construction of the wood part of the plows, they use machinery 
particularly adapted to that business, which has been patented, and is 
used only by themselves. This forms all plows of the same size pre- 
cisely alike, and insures a uniform operation. They are readily taken 
apart, and can be put up for distant transportation ; and when any part is 
needed for repairs, the manufacturers furnish cheaply all such pieces 
required, which are sure to fit, and the farmer is at once accommo- 
dated. The parts are easily attached, and it is not necessary to carry 
the plow to a distance to be repaired by inexperienced hands. 

The timber of which these plows are made, is second-growth 
white oak, and is so widely and favorably known as to require no 
remarks. 

The mould-board, landside, and point are ground and polished, and 
coated with blue vavnish to prevent rusting, which gives them the appear- 
ance of blued steel. They are thus fitted to use in the most adhesive 
soils, so that the dirt will not stick and impede their progress ; and they 
are fast taking the phice of wrought-iron or steel mould-boards, so much 
used in the rich lands of the Southern and Western States, as they move 
equally free, and cost ntiuch less. 

The iron of which they are made, is composed of an admixture of 
several kinds, which produces a metal of far greater strength and 
durability than the ordinary ii-on used for the purpose, and it thereby 



10 AGRICULTURAL AND HORTICULTURAL TOOLS. 

endures safely the chilling process which is applied to the point and wing 
of the share and base of the landside. This process insures at least one 
hundred per cent, more service in those parts so soon worn out in other 
plows. 

The superiority of the Improved Worcester Eagle Plows has been so 
thoroughly established, and is now so widely known, that it would seem 
superfluous to dwell upon it. To such, however, as may not be 
familiar with their great success, it may be proper to mention the 
astonishing fact that over FOUR HUNDRED PREMIUMS have been 
awarded to these plows and the plowmen who have used them, by the 
different Agricultural Societies in the United States and elsewhere. 
They have encountered the strongest competition, but have everywhere 
been successful. This is owing, not only to their superior workman- 
ship before mentioned, but also, in a high degree, to the superiority oj 
the mechanical principles upon which they are constructed. The draft, oi 
power, required to move these plows in turning a furrow of any required 
width or depth, is less than any of the plows used in competition with 
them, as was conclusively shown in a very carefully-conducted trial in 
Massachusetts, where the dynamometer, (an instrument for measuring the 
exact amount of power,) was used, and every precaution was adopted to 
avoid mistake and insure impartiality. In this trial, it was found that, 
while the larger sizes of these plows required but 425 lbs. to move 
them, the best three of all others offered in competition required 
respectively, 450, 487, and 512 lbs. to perform the same work. 
The Committee of Judges in Essex Co., Mass., on Plows and Plowing, 
who made the most elaborate and perfect investigation of plows ever 
made in this country, in speaking of the Improved Eagle Plow, to which 
they unanimously awarded the highest premium, say : — " As nearly as we 
can ascertain, this plow combines all the good qualities manifested in 
either of the others, with some peculiar to itself. Our attention was 
called to the quality of the castings on these plows, their finish and dura- 
bility. Their appearance is certainly more perfect than we have else- 
where seen. The process of chilling the points, the entire edge of the 
share, and flange or base of the landside, give a permanence and 
durability to the work, that renders it decidedly of a superior char- 
acter, and we think there is no hazard in saying that the value of the 
parts thus made is more than doubled by the process." 

We have only to add, that the high yet just praise above awarded 
to these celebrated plows, is fully corroborated by the experience of 
thousands of practical farmers and planters who have since annually 
purchased and used them. 

Please to take particular notice that we are the EXCLUSIVE AGENTS 
for the sale of these plows in New York, and any others offered as 
"Eagle" are COUNTERFEITS and an inferior article. 



agricultural and horticultural tools, ii 

Eagle No. 20. 
A four-horse plow, adapted to free alluvial soils, where wide and deep 
furrows are desirable, and well calculated for turning under a large 
growth, of stubble, tceeds, or green crops. 

Eagle No. 36. 

Is a light-sod plow, easy of draught, and particularly adapted for 
horses, and suitable also for stubble or crossing, the wing of the plow 
throwing over more than Eagle 1, 2, or 9. 

Eaglk No. 
This is the smallest size of the Eagle-Plow. It is suitable for one horse at the 
North, or two mules at the South. It is of very easy draught, and pos-sesses 
great merit for a small plow. 

Eagle No. 1. — With Wheel and Cutter 
(See Fig. 2.) 

[For uses and advantages of Wheel and Cutter, see Remarks on Plowing, 
pages 6 & 7.] 

Eagle No. 1 is called at the North a me^mm-sized Sod or Stubble-Plow, and 
is easily drawn by a pair of horses or oxen. At the South it is considered a 
large size, and will generally require three mules to turn a furrow with it, sii 
inches deep and eleven inches wide, although this has often been accomplished 
by a single pair. It cuts a furrow any required depth from seven to ten 
inches and from ten to twelve inches wide. 

Eagle No. 1. — With Lock-Coulter. 

[For form of Lock-Coulter, see Fig. 4.] This is the same size and shape, and 
performs the same work as Eagle No. 1 with cutter. 

Eagle No. 2. — With Coulter, or Fin- Cutter and Wheel. 
(See Fig. 3.) 
A two-horse Sod or Stubble-Plow, of same construction, but one size larger 
than Eagle No. 1 It cuts a furrow any required depth from eight to twelve 
inches, and twelve or fourteen inches wide. 

Eagle No. 25. With Wlieel, Cutter, ami Draught-Rod. 
(See Fig. 2.) 

A four-horse Sod or Stubble-plow. It is also admirably adapted for break- 
ing up rough ground and trench-plowing. It is the best plow for covering up 
a great growth of weeds, stubble, arid grass. It cuts a furrow any required depth 
to twelve inches, or even deeper, and sixteen to eishteen inches wide. 

Sward C A strong three-horse plow, partitnlarly intended for breaking 
up deep, rough, or stony sward soils. It is larger than Eagle No. 2. 

SwARD B. A strong four-hor.se plow of same construction nearly af 
sward C, but one size larger 



12 AGRICULTURAL AND HORTICUl^TURAL TOOLS. 

Sward D. For Reclaiming Meadows. 
A strong four-horse plow, same size and form as sward B, with the addition 
of a wrought lock-coulter as attached to fig. 4. To this plow is affixed, when 
required, a sharp steel-edged share or point, cutting very wide, and a reversed 
or dras;-cutter for the purpose of plowing and completely turning over the sur- 
face of wet meadows, when drained by ditching. A crane or dial-clevis ia 
attached to the end of the beam, which enables the off ox or horse to keep clear 
of the miry open furrow, so very fatiguing to him, and tread on the unbroken 
ground, thus making it comparatively easy work for the team, and obviating 
the great objection to breaking up wet meadows or swampy ground The 
newly invented dial-cievis and draught- rod, as before described, will enable the 
off horse to tread on solid ground in plowing wet meadows, nearly as well as 
the crane-clevis. This is an admirable plow for the wet lands on the Missis- 
sippi, and for the prairie lands of the West. When the fi.xtures for meadow 
plowing are removed, and the original point or share is replaced, the plow is 
again adapted to the rugged upland soils, thus answering tlie double purpose of 
an upland and meadow-plow. 

EAGLE SELF-SHARPENING AND ADJUSTABLE STEEL-POINTED PLOWS. 




Fig. 5. 

These have the same superior form and general construction as the celebrated 
Eagle-Plows, with the exception that the point and share consist of two 
pieces, which are made on an improved self -sliarpening principle 

The point, as shown detached at No. 1, fig. 5, is simply a bar of wrought- 
steel, about twenty inches long, which passes upward into the body of the 
plow, where it is confined with one bolt. As it becomes shorter, and worn on 
the under side, it is readily moved forward and the under side turned up, thus 
always presenting a sharp point oi full length and proper shape ; when on« 
end is worn oft'five inches, the other end is placed forward and performs a like 
service. The wing or share, as shown detached at No. 2, is made of either 
wrought-iron with steel-edge or of cast-iron, and is also reversible, being used 
either end forward or either side up. 

Both point and share are so very simply constructed, that any blacksmith can 
replace them at trifling expense, or perpetuate the use of the original by new- 
laying with steel, as they become worn. 



AGRICULTURAL AND HORTICULTURAL TOOLS. 13 

There is a coulter of cast-iron a little back and above the point, as in fig. 3, 
page 8, and shown detached at No. 3, fig. 5, forming part of a cap, shown 
detached at No. 4, which protects the shin or forward part of the mould-board. 
It is confined in its place by the same bol: that confines the point, and is cheap'y 
replaced when worn. This is much less expensive, and in many kinds of 
soil (juite as serviceable as a wroujijht coulter or cutter, aa shown by fig. 5 
They are sold with one or both, or with simply the cap. 

These plows are particularly sujted to Southern plantations, as the black- 
smiths can easily repair them 

Self-sharpening points and shares have been considered objectionable, inas- 
much as they have not possessed sufficient strength, owing to their complicat- 
ed construction of cast metal; but a single glance at these plows will convince 
any person, that by con.structing the point and share of wrougkt-steel, they 
combine strength and durability unsurpassed by any other, and that they are 
kept in repair at much le.ss trouble and expense. 

The point can be used projecting more or less forward, causing the plow to 
incline more or less into the ground, as different soils may require. 
Eaglk Set.f-sharpkner, No. 1. 

A light one-horse or mule-plow. 

Eagle Self-sharpener, No. 2. 

A medium-aized one-horse plow, useful at the North and South, 
Eagle SELF-sirARPKNER, No. 3. 

A medium-sized two-horse plow, for sod or stubble-land. 
Eagle Self-sharpener, No. 4. 

A large-sized two-horse plow. 

Eagle Selp-sharpener, No. 5. 

A strong breaking up plow. It is an admirable implement for breaking up 
deep, stony, or stiff clay soils. 

EAGLE LEFT-HAND SELF-SHARPENING PLOWS. 

These are made to turn the furrow-slice to the left instead of the right hand 
and are constructed upon the same self-sharpening and adjustable steel-pointed 
principle as described above. They are used in many parts of the West, prin- 
cipally by the German and Dutch farmer.^. To these are attached, or can be 
all the different fixtures as to the right-hand plows. 

In those sections where three or more horses are sometimes u.sed abreast, 
the Draught-Rod has a very great additional advantage, as the plowman 
readily adapts the plow to be drawn either by two or more horses. They are 
designed to be used with heavy teams in ruggei soils, and possess extra strength 
of timber and mdal. 

Left-Hand, No. 40. 

Is a size suitable to be drawn by two strong horses. 
Left-Hant), No. 41. 

Is of a heavy larger bize, and designed to be drawi by three or more horses 



14 



AGRICULTJRAL AND HORTICULTURAL TOOLS, 



CORN, COTTON, AND RICE-PLOWS, &C. 

No. 1 i. — A light single one-horse or mule-plow, designed for carrying a wide 
furrow in a light or sandy soil, and well adapted to Northern and Southern cul- 
ture. The mould-board is longer and more curved than other kinds of plows, 
and works and pulverizes the soil admirably. 

No. 15. — A single horse or mule-plow of same construction as above, but 
one size larger. 

No. A 1. — A light one-horse or mule-plow better calculated /or a loamy or 
clayey soil. It is much used among cotton and corn, as well as for furrowing 
out or drilling. 

No. A 2. — A single horse or mule-plow, same construction £is the above but 
one size larger. 

No. A 3. — A two-horse stubble-plow — much used at the North for gene- 
ral plowing ; and is highly approved for breaking up rice and cotton-lands of 
the South. 

No. B 1. — A large one-horse plow ; is frequently used with two horses, and' 
for the same purposes as No. A 3. 

No. B 2. — A small two-horse plow, same as the above, but one size larger. 
It is much used both in the North and South. 

Davis 6 Inch. — A light one horse or mule-plow, particularly designed for 
the South. 

Davis 7 Inch. — Of nearly the same construction, but a size larger than the 
above. 

Rice Trenching-Plow. 
This plow is made from a pattern furni-shed by an eminent Southern planter 
In trenching a field for the rice-crop, it will do the work of many hands with 
hoes, and will be found a great labor-saving implement for this purpose. 
It is an excellent implement, also, for opening drills for corn or cotton, and 
for various root-crops. 

Ridging or Double Mould-Board Plows. 
jjo. 1 — Double-MoiUd Board. 

A light one-horse plow, 
used for opening drills to 
plant potatoes, corn, &c. In 
plowing out between narrow 
rows, it throws the dirt both 
ways to the plant, and thus 
does the work of two plows. 
It is also very useful in dig- 
ging potatoes. It is a very 
jconvenient implement for va- 
rious kinds of work, ditch- 
ing, &c., and should always 
Fig. 7.— Top View. be kept on the farm. 




AGRICULTURAL AND HORTICULTURAL TOOLS. 



15 



No. 2 Double Mould-Board. — Of same constniction and use as the above, 
•but one size larger. This is also used in furrowing for planting cane, and 
making light ditches. It has an extra point made, of an additional width, for 
the purpose of digging potatoes. 

The Fluke, — or Double-Expanding Mould-Board Plow, for Planting Sugar- 
cane. — This is a plow recently made, e.vpressly for the use of sugar-planters, 
by which a furrow is made ten to twelve inches wide, and four to five inchea 
deep. 

Paring- Plow. 

Fig. 8 is a plow used for 
paring turf-lands preparato- 
ry to burning The share 
is thin and flat, made of 
wrought-iron, steel-edged. 
It has a lock -coulter in the 
centre, and short coulters on 
the outside edge of each wing 
of the share, cutting the turf 
as it moves along into two 
strips about one foot wide, and as deep as may be required. 

After the turf is pared off in strips, the hands follow with sharp spades and 
cut it into suitable lengths, say of two or three feet. These pieces are then 
thrown into heaps, and after drying, they are burned, and the ashes spreao 
broad-cast on the lands. Paring and burning is a very ameliorating process 
for stiff, clayey soils; it changes their mechanical texture, and renders them 
friable and suitable for cultivation. Light sandy soils should not be burnt. 

Side-Hill or Swivel-Plows. 




Fig. 8. 




Fig. 9. 

Of these there are tive diflferent sizes. They are so constructed that tl»e 
mould-board can be instantly changed from one side to the other, which 
enables the operator to perform the work horizontally upon side-hills, going 
back and forth on the same side, and turning all the furrow-slices with great 
accuracy downward. They are much liked at the South; for, by this system 
ot turning and laying the soil, it is prevented from being washed into those 
deep gullies so destructive to the general f.-ice of the country. They are em- 
ployed, and by many are much approved, for level plowing, as this leaves the 



16 



AGRICULTURAL AND HORTICULTURAL TOOLS. 



field without any centre-dead or finishing furrow ; nor does it make banks or 
ridges by turning two furrows towards each other. When thus used they sav« 
much labor, by allowing the team to turn short about at the end of the fur- 
rows, instead of obliging it to travel across the wide ends of each land in the 
field. They are useful for plowing down the banks of ditches, as they care- 
fully turn the furrows from the ditch by carrying the earth upon the level 
ground. 

No. 0. — Side-Hill. 
A light one-horse or mule-plow, more particularly designed for horizontal 
plowing at the South. 

No. A 1. — Side-Hill. 
A light or medium-sized two-horse sod or stubble-plow. 

No. A 2. — Side-Hill. 
A large two-horse plow — is sometimes used with three or four horses, 
according to the nature of the soil. 

No. A 3 — Side-Hill. 
A large four or six-horse plow, made very strong. It is suited for very 
heavy farm and road-work. 

No. A 4.— Side-Hill. 

A heavy road-plow. It is made very strong, and is especially designed for 
the roughest road-work. 

With wheel and cutter, the medium sizes are highly approved for turning 
over mowing land for the purpose of re-seeding in the autumn, as with th« 
cutter they lay the furrow-slice flat, and with great uniformity, avoiding the 
centre and bank furrows, and leaving the land the same general level as befom 
plowing. 

SUB-SOIL PLOWS. 




Fig. 10. 

There are four sizes of these, all of which are constructed on the principle 
of the most approved Scotch Sub-soil Plow, one of which was imported from 
Scotland for the purpose of furnishing the most approved model. By modify- 
ing and simplifying its construction, at the same time making some importanj 



AGRICL'LTURAL AND HORTICULTURAL TOOLS. 17 

lOipiovements, the farmers and planters of this country are now supplied with 
plows lighter than the Scotch Plow, yet better adapted to our soils, and of 
equal capacity, at a much less price 

They are now much used in different sections of the United States, and with 
great satisfaction, and the demand for them is constantly and rapidly increasing. 
These plows are used by following directly after the team which turns up the 
surface-soil, and in the same furrow. This is of great advantage to the crops, 
both in dry and wet land. In the former, the sub-soil being deeply broken up, 
and well pulverized, the moisture is retained much longer than it otherwise 
would be, and the roots of plants can descend much lower and wider for their 
fjod; while in the latter, the excess of moisture filters below, and is readily 
carried off. They, however, require that the earth below them l)e sufficiently 
porous to admit of the escape of an excess of moisture, or their beneficial 
use is not feJt till the land is well drained. 

No. 0. — Sub-soil. 

This is a one-horse plow at the North, and is used with one or two mules 
at the South. It will break and pulverize the sub-soil any required depth to 
Bix inches below the previously-turned furrow. 

No. 1. — Sub-soil. 
Is a medium size, and is mostly used in ordinary clear soils, with two or 
three, and sometijnes four horses. It will run twelve inches deep. 

No. 2.— Sub-Soil. 

A large plow. It will break and pulverize the soil any required depth to 
eighteen inches. 

No. 3. — Sub-soil. 

Is about the same size as No. 2, but is used with either a single or double 
wing point, and with an inclined plane to raise the soil upon one or both ends 
at the same time. 

We recommend the use of the draught-rod on all sizes of the sub-soil plows, 
as we consider it almost indispensable in enabling the off animal to walk on 
the solid ground, and the plow to work easily in the surface-soil furrow 

NEW YORK AND OTHER PLOWS. 

As many farmers and planters require jdows of similar construction to some 
of the preceding, and at a cheaper price, the following sizes and numbers have 
been extensively manufactured by ourselves, for this purpose. They 
correspond in size, weight, and form witn the preceding, and are made with 
equally good materials, but they are not so highly finished, nor are the irons 
ground and polished. 

New York No. A 1. — A light one-horse or mule-plow, does well for loamy 
soils and clay. 

New York No. A 2. — A size larger than the above, and suited for the same 
kind of soils. 

2 



18 AGRICULTURAL AND HOK flCULTURAL TOOLS. 

New York No. 14. — A light one-horse or mule-plow, for light sandy lands 
New York No. 15. — A size larger than the above, and intended for the 
Bame kind of soils. 

New York No. B 2. — A light two-horse plow for general work. 

New York Eagle No. 1. — A medium two-horse plow. 

New York Eagle No. 2. — A large two-horse plow, for various work and 
aoils. 

One-Horse Corn-Plows. — No. 10 No. 1, J. M. & Co.'e 

No 60 " 11. " 2, " " 

" 80 " 12. «' 18, M. & H. 

" 81 Corn. " 19, 

Cabbage Plow. Seed. 

Two-HoRSE Plows.— No. 19|, M. &H. " U, Butcher's. 
" 20, " " 2, " 

" 21, " " 3, J. M. &Co.'s 

" 134, "4. 

Bergen Plows — For two-horse and general work. 

Castings for the New York, Eagle, Minor and Horton's, Mayher & Co.'s 
Freeborn and Hitchcock's, Dutcher's, and other plows. 

Three-Share Plow. 

This machine spreads two feet si.x inches wide, with three shares ; but il 
made with four shares it would be proportionably wider. It is used for plow 
Ing in wheat, rye, and other grain, after sowing ; and taking so many furrows 
at a time, it gets over the ground very rapidly. Three to five acres per day 
may be covered with it. Grain plowed in is not so likely to winter-kill. The 
ground should not be harrowed in the fall, but be left rough. In the spring 
it may be harrowed and rolled. It is dr^wn bv two horses. One or two 
wheels are now placed at the end of the beam, which makes it run easier and 
pteadier, and enables the plowman to gauge fne furrow-slices to an exact depth. 
It has been supposed that this plow would do well for the South to work 
out between the corn, cotton, and sugar-cane rows; but we believe it is too 
heavy for such work with single mules. 

Scotch Plows. — These are made of iron throughout, and will be importe** 
to order. They cost from $25 to $40 each. 

SOUTHERN PLOWS. 

We have recently constructed a series of plows, of various numbers and 
sizes, on the same principle as the above, with higher or longer standards. 
This sets the beam from two and a half to four inches higher than in the same 
sizes of Northern plows. Thus constructed they do not clog in the foul, moist, 
and weedy lands, but clear themselves perfectly, and move along with grea< 
ea.se and rapidity. 



AGRICULTURAL AND HORTICULTURAL TOOLS. 



19 



In addition to the fore-named we have various other plows suited to every lo- 
cality in North and South America, and the West India Islands; among which 
are steel-points and shares, steel and wrought-iron mould-boards. From 
oui facilities for manufacturing these, and implements of almost every descrip- 
tion for the farm, plantation, and garden, can be made to order at short notice. 

CUIiTZVATORS. 

The Cultivator is a great labor-saving implement, for stirring the earth be- 
tween the rows of corn and other crops. It is also well adapted for mixing 
manures in the soil, and pulverizing it after plowing. It leaves the soil much 
lighter and in better condition to receive the seed than when the harrow only is 
used. It is useful for covering grain sown broad-cast, and buries it at a more 
suitable and uniform depth than the plow, and in one-fourth the time; and 
much more perfectly than the harrow. 

There are various forms of teeth. Some enter and stir the soil deep; others 
are broad and flat, to skim the surface and cut up the weeds, while others are 
made with scarifiers or narrow teeth; and as all are made to fit the same size 
and form of mortice, by purchasing different forms of teeth, the farmer can uoe 
them in the same frame-work. 

They are made to expand and contract, to conform to the width of rows, &.c. 
Some are made having the hindmost teeth so formed as to turn the earth to- 
wards the plants, and by shifting them from side to side, turn it from them, as 
may be required. 

Universal Cultivator. 




Fig. 11. 

?ig. 11, represents a cultivator recently constructed. It is made longer than 
common cultivators, and is all of iron except the centre-beam and handles; and 
the side-beams being of wrought-iron so curved, that as they are expanded or 
contracted, by loosening the iron-key that confines the tooth in its place, they 
are each moved forward or back to a point that will again cause them 1o work 
parallel with the centre-beam and at equal distances from each other. To these 
are fitted several sets of ditferent formed teeth and scarifiers, of wrought and 
cast-iron. They are sold with one or more sets. 

There is also one pair of teeth calculated lo work in the rear, renresented by 



20 



AGRICULTURAL AND HORTICULTURAL TOOLS. 



Fig. 1 1 , which may be used instead of the common teeth. They are in form like 
small plows, turning the furrows in opposite directions, and fitting alike both 
side-beams ; by changing they may be so placed as to turn the furrows to or from 
the centre, or rows of vegetables. If the forward teeth are used at the same time, 
they finely pulverize the soil, and if the plows are set towards each other, they 
form a light bed in which to plant any kind of seeds. Any form of wrought 
teeth may be attached to them by blacksmiths, as the manner of fitting them to 
the beams is very simple and easy. This cultivator is made lo expand from 
two to five feet. 

Common Expanding-Cultivator. 




Fig. 12. 
Improved Expanding-Cultivator. 




Fig. 13. 

The wheel (Fig. 13.) is a late invention, and is found to be a great improve 
ment, as it causes it to move steadily and easily, and assists the operator in 
getting around the ends of rows and obstructions in the field. 

Langdon's Cultivator or Horse-Plow. — This, in reality, is a plow with a 
light, wide, flat share, sharp at the edges, and coulters on the mould-board. 
It is used for running between the rows of different crops, to cut up the weeds 
and loosen the soil. It is also an excellent implement for digging potatoes. The 
shares can be detached and wings added, which converts it into a double mould- 
board plow. It is only recommended for light soils free from stones. 



AGRICULTURAL AND HORTICULTURAL TOOLS. 



31 



Cotton-Sweep Cultivator. 

This implement is made expressly for the purpose of taking the place of the 
cotton-sweep, besides doing much additional work. It is made with very sharp 
steel teeth, so arranged as to cut up all grass and weeds, at the same time 
finely pulverizing the soil. It can be so expanded or contracted, as to suit 
every width of row. It works so lightly that one mule can draw it. 

Hand Cultivator. 




Fig. 14. 

This cultivator is made entirely of iron except the handle, and expands from 
ten to eighteen inches. It is a very useful implement in garden-culture, and is 
often used in fields, among rows of carrots, beets, &c. It cuts up, and leaves 
the weeds exposed, and stirs the earth very thoroughly. 

ROLLERS. 




Fig. 15. 

These are important implements, and are fast coming into general 
use. They crush all sods and lumps that remain on the top of the ground 
after the harrow has pa.sscd, and force down small stones level with the 
surface. They render the field smooth for the cradle, scythe, and rake, 
press the earth close about the seed, and secure a more sure and quick 
germination. 

On light and sandy lands they are invaluable, and in all cases their us« 
has greatly increased the product. Much benefit is undoubtedly found in 



22 



AGRICULTURAL AND HORTICULTURAL TOOLS. 



compressing the surface of such light soils, by preventing the escape cf those 
gases from the manure so essential to vegetation, and which are so rapidly 
extracted by the sua and winds. 

Great advantage is gained by rolling early in the spring, while the ground 
is yet soft. Clay-lands, by hea-ving, pull to pieces and displace the roots of 
grain and grasses sown the previous autumn, and the heavy roller presses the 
roots and earth together to their proper position, when vegetation goes on 
again, and thus, in a measure, prevents what is termed winter-killing. They 
are variously made of wood, stone, and iron. Those of iron are most desira- 
ble, being less liable to break than stone, and are not subject to decay like wood. 

Fig. 15 represents the most approved kind, constructed wholly of iron ex- 
cept the tongue and box, which are of wood. These rollers are made either 18 
or 24 inches in diameter, in separate sections, each one foot long, placed on a 
wrought-iron arbor on which they turn independently of each other, thus 
turning without much friction and leaving the ground smooth. They are 
generally used with three to six sections. If four only are required, thills or 
shafts may be substituted for the tongue, and drawn by one horse, or both 
may be used alternately according to the team. The box is attached to receive 
stones, &c., picked up on the field, and for giving weight to the roller accord- 
ing to the work required. They are made of all sizes and weights, so as to be 
drawn by hand or a team. 

Of these there are many kinds. Of the common triangular form, we make 
various sizes, from the light one-horse up to the large four-horse harrows. 
Triangular Folding-Harrow. 




Fig. 16 is a folding harrow 
with teeth constructed like 
those ill the Geddes harrow, 
but is heavier, very strong 
and suitable for rough soils. 



Fig. 16. 



agricultural and horticultural tool* 
Scotch Harrow. 



23 




Fig. 17 represents the Scotch 
harrow, which may be used 
single or double. 



Fig. 17. 

Geddes Harrow. 

Fig. 18 IS tne Geddes folding- 
harrow, which is generally es- 
teemed the best. Some of the 
larger sizes are so constructed, 
that the front and rear parts can 
be detached, forming two single 
harrows, which can be used se- 
parately when desired. The two 
side-frames are joined together by 
hinges in such a way, that the har- 
row works the surface of uneven 
lands quite equally ; and when 
one- half is folded over upon the 
other, it is easily transported 
about the farm. The teeth are 
made of the best Swedish iron, 
steel -pointed, and the upper end 
ie formed to fit a mortice made 
tapering from the lower to the 
upper side of the timber, with a 
screw upon the upper end of the 
teeth, and are made fast by nuts 
being screwed close down upon 
Fi3, 18. iron-washers, which prevents all 

liability of the teeth to become loose and drop out, as in most kinds of harrows. 
The Geddes harrow is superior to the square harrow, as it draws from one 




24 



AJiRICULTURAL AND HORTICULTURAL TOOLS. 




point, with a regular, not a or straggling motion, and of course is easiei 
for the team. Either part is easily lifted when in motion, to let off any trash 
that may have collected among the teeth. 

Sufficient attention is not j)aid to harrowing. It is the next most important 
operation after plowing. The harrow should run from four to six inches 
deep, cutting up all the lumps, and leaving the ground in a finely pulverized 
state. These harrows have from fourteen to thirty teeth. 

Improved Brush S-eed-Sower 

This machine, with all its 
essential parts, has been 
long in use in this country 
and in England, and is found 
io be the only one that 
plants all. the variously 
formed small seeds rapid, 
ly and with precision. The 
cut represents the machine 
Fig. 19. with the hopper and appa- 

ratus for sowing the small garden-seeds, such as onions, turnips, carrots, pars- 
nips, beets, &c. ; and also millet and other small grains in drills. It it easily 
arranged to plant a greater or less quantity, as may be required. 

By substituting another hopper, which fits in the place of the present one 
when removed, and with different dropping fixtures, peas, beans, corn, &c., may 
be planted in drills, or in hills from 6 inches to two feet apart. It is but a mo- 
ment's work to exchange one for the other, and in this, the quantity of seed 
planted is easily regulated. 

The operator moves forward as with a wheel-barrow, when the drill is 
opened, and the seed ta deposited, covered, and the soil compressed at a single 
operation. An acre with rows two feet apart, is easily sown in three hours. 
Directions for using, accompany each machine. 

Bachelder's Corn-Planter. 

This is one of the best 

machines we have yet 

seen for planting corn. 

The seed is put into the 

hopper above the beam, 

^^=and as the horse moves 

along, the share below 

Fig. 20. opens the furrow; the 

corn is then dropped by arms moving horizontally. These arms have holes 

that can be altered to a proper size for receiving any required number of grains, 

and as they pass in and out of the hopper, the holes are filled with the seed. 




AGRICULTURAL AND HORTICULTURAL TOOLS. 



35 



which is dropped into a tube conducting it to the bottom of the drill made by 
the share, that is so formed that it passes under the surface at any required 
depth, where the grain is deposited without turning over the earth. A trian- 
gular iron follows to remove all lumps and stones, and a roller to compress the 
earth over the seed. The dropping of the seed is always visible to the operator, 
and thus ensures his work being perfectly done. The arms are made to 
drop the corn nearer or further apart by different-sized wheels fastened on the 
crank, moving the arms quicker or slower as required. The machrne requires 
a small horse or mule to draw it, and with a boy to tend and drive, will plant 
from eight to ten acres per day, according to the width of the rows, and at 
any required distance apart. 

Horpk-Drili.. 




Fig. 21. 

This machine will plant wheat, rye, Indian corn, oats, peas, beans, ruta- 
bagas, &c., &c. ; and can be regulated to drop any required quantity on an acre. 

The drills can be thrown in or out of gear separately, so as to plant a field 
of any shape without seeding any part twice. They are so arranged as to ope- 
rate equally well on all kinds of land — hilly and rough, as well as level and 
smooth. A man with two horses, can put in from 10 to 12 acres with wheat 
in a day ; and with one horse, he can plant 20 acres with corn per day. 



Cotton Seed-Planter. 

Both the corn-planter and horse-drill above described, are easily adapted to 
sowing cotton-seed, and can be made to do the work of six or eight hands, 
and much more perfectly than can be done by them. 



26 



agricultural and horticultural tools. 
Snath and Scythe. 




Fig. 22. 
A great variety of snaths from difTerent makers and of various qualities, and 
prices, with and without scythes attached, and some very strong, with two heel 
rings, for bushes. 



Grass, Lawn, Grain, and Bramble or Bush-Scythes. 




Fig. 23. 

The above figures represent the most approved scythes in the market. They 
are made of the best cast and German double -refined steel, with a double and 
single-ribbed back , also plain ditto. 



AGRICULTURAL AND HORTICULTURAL TOOLS 

Fig. 24. Revolving HAY-IlAKt. 



57 



This implement, with & 
horse, a man, and boy, will 
rake from fifteen to twenty- 
five acres per (lay. It can be 
used to good advantage evea 
on quite rough ground. 




I? 
5 



28 



agricultural and horticultural tools. 
Fig. 26. Grain-Cradle. 




Railway Horse-Power and Thrasher, 




The annexed is of the 
latest and most approved 
make, with a superioi 
scythe. 



Fig. 27. 

The machine, as deline- 
ated in fig. 28, is adapted 
to the use of one horsCj 
which, with the aid of two 
men and a boy, can thrash 
at the rate of seventy- five 
\\^\\ *•'"> one hundred bushels of 
wheat, or one hundred to 
one hundred and fifty bush- 
Is of oats, in a day. If only 
a single horse be used, a 
Imnge should be made 
very two or three hours, as 
M is fatiguing to the animal 
"Oilcin<? it. The machine 
Mil readily be fitted for 
working two horses 
abreast, by increasing the 
width of the rotary plat- 
form as in fig. 27, on which 
ihey stand, and increasing 
the length of the main 
shaft. The simple contriv- 
ance called the shaker or 
separator, which is attached 
to the thrasher, saves much 
labor in winnowing the 
grain, besides leaving it 
entirely free from straw. 



AGRICULTURAL AND HORTICULTURAL TOOLS. 



29 




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The above and preceaing cuts aiso illustrate the railroad or inclined plane 
Horse-power. 

Rice-Thrashers. 

A complete thrasher for rice is an expensive nnachine, ami will clean several 
hundred bushels per day ; but they are too expensive except for large rice plan 
tations. The small, cheap grain thrashers, are used with economy and advan- 
tage, where only a small quantity of rice is raised. The above and several 
other kinds of grain thrashers are frequently used for this purpose. 



30 



agricultural and horticultural tools. 
Fanning-Mill. 




Fig. 29. 
Considering the simplicity of its construction, and complete efficiency in all its. 
operations, we think the above fan-mill is the best in use. It has taken the 
first premiums for three successive years at the State Agricultural Society 
shows, and various county fairs. 

CORN-SHELLERS. 



These are of various patterns 
and prices. That in most com- 
mon use is upon the same prin- 
ciple as Fig. 30. Some, like the 
cut, are made with wooden 
frames, and some with iron. 
The first are preferable, as any 
one can repair them Avhen broken, 
and the grain does not fly, or 
scatter, as it is shelled, the shel- 
ing plate being encased with 
wood, as denoted in the adjoining 
cut. They will shell from 100 to 
150 bushels per day, when ope- 
rated by one hand. 




AGRICULTURAL AND HORTICULTURAL TOOLS. 



31 



SMITH'S CORN-SHELLER. 




Fig. 31. 



This machine consists of a horizontal 
toothed cylinder, six feet long, and one foot 
two inches in diameter. The ears of corn, 
in the operation, are confined to a part of 
the upper and rising side of this cylinder, 
by means of a cast-iron concave extending 
the whole length of the machine; and being 
admitted into the machine at one end, they 
are driven through, and the cobs discharged 
at the opposite end, while the grain fails 
below the cylinder. The operation is go- 
verned by elevating or depressing the dis- 
charge end, which cau.ses the machine to 
throw out the cobs faster or slower ; thus 
sef-uring to the operator the power of finish- 
ing his work. This machine is capable of 
shelling thoroughly one hundred and fifty 
bushels of ears of corn per hour. 

We have several other corn-shellers of 
various capacities, both to turn by hand or 
larger power. 



Hand Corn-Sheller. 



This is a kind of sheller mucl 
used, and is a very efficient haiu 
machine. 




Fig .-^O 



32 



AGRICULTURAL AND HORTICULTURAL TOOLS. 



Improved Ventilating Smut-Machine. 




This machine has been in 
use since 1838. Some of them 
have run seven years without 
repair, antl worii in all respects 
as well as when first put up. 

These machines are warrant- 
ed by the inventor to excel all 
others in use, and to give per- 
fect satisfaction. The prices 
vary, according to size, capa- 
city, or fixtures attached. 

We have various other 
kinds and sizes. 



Fig. 33. 
BARK-MILL, AND CORN AND COB-CRUSHERS* 



Bark-Mill. 




The Bark-Mill, fig. 34, is much used at the 
North and West for the purpose of cracking 
or crushing the corn and cob together, prepara- 
tory to giinding between mill stones. These 
are made of various sizes. 



Fig. 34 



AGRICULTURAL AND HORTICULTURAL TOOLS 33 

Corn and Cob-Crosher. 



This machine is well adap- 
ted for plantation use ; the 
construction is very simple, 
comj)act, and not easily put 
out of order. The grinding 
plates are made of the hardest 
comjiosition metal, which will 
last from two to three years 
After they are worn smooth, 
new plates may he suhstituted 
without difficulty. A stroivg 
spiral knife is attached to the 
axle, which cuts the cob in 
small pieces preparatory to 
entering the plates. 

Fig. 35. 




GRAINjCOFFEE, AND SPICE-MILLS. 
Hand and Horse Gkain-Mill. 




Fig. 36 represents a 
valuable iron mill, very ef- 
ficient and durable, to run 
either by hand or horse pow- 
er. With the latter it can 
be made to grind 4 bushel.s 
of grain fine per hour, and a 
greater quantity if coarse. 
Like the foregoing machine, 
it is simple, and not liable to 
get out of repair ; and when 
the plates or grinding sur- 
faces are worn out, they can 
be replacea by others at a 
small cost. These can al- 
ways be had with the ma- 
chine. 



Fio, 36. 



34 agricultural and horticultural tools. 

Hand Grain-Mill. 




Fig 37 is used for grinding 
grain, coffee, and spices, as desired. 
It is usually operated by hand, 
though it can be constructed to 
run by other power. It grinds 
from one to two bushels per hour. 
When the plates or grinding sur- 
faces are worn out, they can be 
replaced as in the foregoing ma 
chine 



Fro. 37. 



C0?FEE-MlLL. 

Fig, 




\_J 



Fio. 38. 



38 is properly a coffee or 
spice-mill, but will grind grain of any 
kind. It is sold without a frame, and 
is so constructed as to be fastened to 
a post or board in any part of the 
house ; or it can be attached to a simple 
frame. It grinds from eight to six- 
teen quarts per hour, depending main, 
ly on the speed at which it is run 
It may be had with or without extra 
plates. 



Fitzgerald Corn and Flour-Mill. 

This is a small conical burr stone, hand or horse-mill, which, when well 
niade and properly put up, is very popular in many of the Southern States 
This mill is shown attached to horse-power, fiig. 45. 



AGRICULTURAL AND HORTICULTURAL TOOLS. 3fi 

Burr-Stone Mi 





Fig. 39. 



Fig. 39^. 

These mills are adapted for grinding 
all kinds of iiiain. 
16 inch stones grind 2A bushels per hour 
20 ^' '« " 3 

24 " " •' 3i 

30 " «' " 5 

These mills are ready framed and rin- 
ged to attach the power, and are mce 
particularly designed for piantaiions .t 
the South. When we speak of their 
performance, it is to be required that 
J they should be driven at a proper speea 
and with sufficient power. 

Rl( E-HULLK.R. 




This machine is one of recent 
improvement, and will hull from 
two to ten bushels per hour, ac- 
cording to its size. We hare 
them of various patterns. 



Fio. 40. 



'i6 



AGRICULTURAL AND HORTICULTURAL T00L4 



STRAW-CUTTERS. 

Allen's Straw-Cutter. 




We have this pattern 
made larg:e, strong, and 
fitted to go by hjrse 
power. One has cut a 
ton of hay in 50 min- 
utes, by a fair trial, and 
may he relied upon fo. 
cutting a ton in an 
hour and a quarter. 



Fio. 41. 

CyLLNDRICAL StRAW-CuTTER 




Fig. 42. 
The knives in this machine are of spiral form, and act on a bed-steel in such 
a manner as to cut with great ease, without a very keen edge ; many thousand- 
bushels have been cut with them without sharpening the knives. They cap. 
oe regulated to cut longer or shorter. This is one of the best machines in use 
for cutting hay and straw by hand. They are a heavy, strong machine, and ara 



.RICULTURAL AND HORTICULTURAL TOOLS. 



37 




.iiuch used at the South. There are. four different sizes, having 9, 11, 14, and 

20 inch knives. The larger sizes are rigged to be worked by power, and the 

emailer by hand. 

Common Hand Straw-Cutter. 



Witli these the straw is 
moved up by hand, and the 
knife is used by hand-lever. 
It is a very simjde machine, 
and easily kept in order; 
thoi;gh wlien more than one 
or two animals are fed, larger 
machines will be preferable 



Fig. 43. 

the great utility of hat, straw, and corn-stalk cutters. 

There is great saving in the cutting of corn-stalks, hay, and straw, in two 
ways. The animals do not waste it by drawing it out of the mangers, and 
trampling it under their feet, and time and labor are saved them in masticating 
They obtain their .«upply of food readily, and then lie down to dige.st it Fer- 
mentation also developes the nutritive matter, and requires less work for the 
stomach, and this, by saving muscular exertion, leaves more strength with the 
animal to be expended on ordinary work. The same principle holds with 
milch cows, sheep, &c. If the food be given to them in a form more readily adapt- 
ed to assimilation in the animal system, the greater the product of milk, wool, 
flesh, &c., they can yield from the same quantity. Cutting, bruising, grinding, 
fermenting, and cooking the food, all tend much to fit it for easy and rapid 
digestion, and whenever it can be thus prepared, without too much expenditure 
of labor, it should be done. By adopting a mixed food, much of the coarser 
products can be worked up, which are now suffered to be added to the manure 
heap. Indeed, scarcely any of the vegetable productions of the farm need be 
Buffered to run to waste, till they have first contributed all the nutriment they 
contain to the support of animal life. By chopping these up fine, and proper- 
ly cooking and seasoning them, they will be eaten with peculiar relish, easily 
digested, and go twice as far as in the ordinary method of feeding. 

Both hay and straw should be slightly wet, and seasoned with a little 
meal and salt, for several hours before it is fed to the stock. . 

For cutting hay, straw, and stalks, tho.se machines work with great ease 
^d rapidity, having knives set to cut agaiust a roller of raw hide as in fig. 41 



38 



AGRICULTURAL AND HORTICULTURAL TOOLS. 



The machine is a perfect self-leeder, without any extra and complicated fixture 
to perform that part of the work. 

For this kind of cutters, crooked or spiral knives have been mostly used, 
which could not, without much difficulty, be properly sharpened or replace(i 
except by tlie maker, subjecting purchasers to much inconvenience and ex- 
pense. Some manufacturers confine the knives to the cylinder by means oi 
flanges, gloats, and screws. Thus the knives are weakened, and the screws are 
liable to be lost or injured, and the flanges prevent the knives being placed 
upon the cylinder so near each other as to cut the straw as short as is by 
many thought to be necessary. 

Important imj)rovements have recently been made in the construction of this 
kind of machines, by using straight knives, confined by a simple cap, and 
placed in such a manner upon the cylinder that they perform the work in every 
respect as easily and expeditiously as the spiral knives. Thus improved, the 
machines possess several very important advantages. 

The knives. being straight, as in figure 41, are readily ground or sharpened 
by the purchaser ; and they can be replaced by a common blacksmith 
when worn out or broken. The knives are made heavier and attached to the 
cylinder without sloats or screws, and are confined at both ends and supportea 
in the middle in a manner much stronger and less complicated, thus leaving 
the strength of the knives unimpaired, and avoiding the great liability to twist, 
cripple, and break. The manner of attaching the knives to the cylinder admits 
of their being placed near each other, so as to cut as short as is desirable, and 
the hide-roller, when used with straight knives properly set, will last much 
lorger than when used with the spiral knife. 

Vegetable Cutter. 

The cutting wheel of 
this implement is made 
of cast iron, faced on one 
side, through which is 
inserted three or more 
knives like plane-irons 
These cut the vegetables 
into thin slices with 
great rapidity, and then, 
by cross-knives, they are 
cut into slips of conve- 
nient form and size for 
cattle or sheep, without 
danger of choking. Tli^ 
pieces after cutting lie 
loosely, and can easily 
be taken up by the ani- 
mal. The machine will 
cut 50 bushels per hour 
Fia. 44. 




AGRICULTURAL AND HORTICULTURAL TOOLS. 



39 



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40 



AGRICULTURAL AND HORTICULTURAL TOOLS 



Taplin's Horse-Powf.r. 

There is another 
kind of circular 
horse power, with 
a wooden rim, or a 
circle of about 20 
feet diameter, to 
1 which iron seg- 
J ments' are bolted 
1 They gear into a 
Fig. 46. cog wheel which 

moves the machinery hy a belt, or may be made to gear on to it by cast iron 
wheels. From one to six horses can travel round inside of this rim, and thus 
move the power. Many prefer this power to all others, although it requires 
more room. It is not complicated in its construction. 

Raising Water by Horse-power. 





Fig. 47. 

Machines to work pumps are generally made stationary, ami on a more simple 
plan than such as are movable. 

I^he circle for a horse to travel in, to work a power to advar.lage, ought to 
be twenty-five feet diameter, and a horse will pass round on an average about 
three times a minute. In order to get twenty-five revolutions to the crank, the 
large wheel must be eight times the diameter of the small one, or eight feet to 
one foot, if of cast-iron. But if made on the plan represented in cut (fig. 47), 
the large wheel may be made of wood with iron segments. In that case it 
would be well to make the large wheel twelve feet, and the pinions eighteen 
inches, as the friction is less when the wheels are larger. 



AGRICULTURAL AND HORTICULTURAL TOOLS. 



41 




MISCELLANEOUS IMPLEMENTS AND MACHINES. 
Cisr£iiN Hand-Tump. 



This imi>lement is made of cast-iron, and answers an 
excellent jmrpose for raising water from a cistern, or clse- 
wliere, from a depth of twenty-live feet. It works well 
with a one and quarter inch lead-p'pe. 




Fig. 48. 

Garden-Engine. 

The box of this engine will hold 
40 gallons. It is made with light 
wheels and handles, so that one per- 
son can wheel it. A double-action 
|nimp, two and a half inch cylinder, 
will throw water seventy feet hori- 
zontally, and forty feet high, with 
one person to work it. They are 
^ well calculated for watering gardens, 
washing windows, destroying worms 
Fig. 4ft on trees or shrubbery ; extinguish- 

ing fire in buildings, kc. Water diluted with sulphur and thrown on plants, will 
destroy the worms on them 

Syringes, and H^nd Force-Pumps. 
We have several sizes of these and the garden syringe, which are much used 
for various purposes in the garden 

Cast-Iron Dirt SfRAPERs, or Ox-Shovei.s. 



This kind is found to be far superior 
to anything for the purposes of roaj- 
making, levelling hills, filling hollows, 
digging wide deep ditches and cellars 
They are found very convenient on 
every farm and jiiantation. 




fiG 50. 



42 



AGRICULTURAL AND HORTICULTURAL TOOLS. 





Ox-YoKES AND Bows. 

A good yoke is of great import- 
>ance in securing the greatest 
amount of labor, with the utmost 
ease to the cattle. Such as are 
poorly made, or constructed on bad 
principles, are almost worthless; 
Fig. 51. as they greatly diminish the labor, 

and often seriously injure the oxen. We have several kinds and sizes. 

Cattlk-Tie. 
Fig. 52 is a chain for tying up cattle in their stalls 
'The large ring goes over a stationary round post set up 
by the manger, and the cUain is fastened to the horns. 
The hook at the end of tlie lower length of the chain is 
passed through either of the rings in the upper length, 
to suit the size at the base of the horns. It may be 
thought that this chain wears ofT the hair on the 
head of the animal, but this is not the fact. It is the neatest and most secure 
fastening in use, and at the same time the most comfortable ; as the animal 
slips the chain up and down the stationary post, by the large ring, as it wishes 
to move its head in feeding or getting up and lying down ; it can also turn 
and lick itself when thus fastened. 

Bull-Rings. 
A bull is easily rung, by punching the cartilage 
between the nostrils, and then inserting the ring 
and screwing it together. With a ring in his nose 
the most fractious animal is easily managed. 
Balls. — These are brass or composition. They 
are screwed on the ends of the horns, and thus pre- 
vent animals from injuring each other. 
Fig. 53. 

Lactometer, or Cream-Gauge. 



This instrument is used for 
determining the quantity of 
cream contained in milk. For 
description and mode of using 
see page 171, vol. v. Ameri- 
can Agriculturist. 




1 






- 










- 




- 




- 



Fig. 54. 



AGRILULTLRAL AND HORTICULTURAL TOOLS, 



43 



Cylindrical Churn. 




"^ 



th 



Tliis is tlie best in use, as it is simple in 
its construction, and combines all the good 
qualities of other cylindrical churns, with 
this additional advantage, that the dasher 
can be taken out in a moment, when re- 
quired to be cleansed. This is important af- 
ter every churning, in order to keep it swe^t 
;ind avoid taint to the cream. 



Thkkmometer Churn. 
The Cylinder Churn has recently been imjuoved, by placing a thermometer 
ill the side, which indicates the temperature of the cream within. To make 
the greatest quantity of butter in the least time, this should be at 55" P'ahren- 
heit, at the commencement of the operation, and gradually rise to 63 or 65, at 
■which it should stand when the operation is concluded. A double metallic 
bottom is constructed, in which warm or cold water, or even ice may be placed, 
6o as to regulate the temperature. They are one of the most important of the 
dairy improvements of the day. 

Sklf-Acting Cheese-Press. 



For cheapness and simplicity of 
construction, strength, power, du 
rability, and the perfect manner in 
which this implement does its work, 
we think it will eventually super- 
sede every other cheese-press in 
use. It is so constructed, that bv 
means of two pair of double-acting 
levers, the cheese presses itself 
by its own weight, and this in 
ten-fold proportion. Thus, if a 
cheese weighs twenty pounds, it 
will exert a constant pressure on 
itself of two hundred pounds ; and 
whenever a greater pressure is re- 
quired, for every pound added, a 
power of ten pounds is gained 




Vn,. 00. 



44 



AGRICULTURAL AND HORTICULTURAL TOOLS. 



Sausage Cutter (Shut). 




Fig. 57. 



Sausage Cutter (Opfn). 




This implement con- 
sists of an oblong box, 
13 inches in length by 
about 8 in. square, with 
a cavity 5i in. diameter 
through the centre, and 
closed at each end. A 
hole on the top of one 
extremity for a small 
hopper,receives the meat, 
while another in the bot- 
tom, at the opposite end, 
discharges it. A crank 
at one end turns a solid 
wooden cylinder in the 
centre, to which are at- 
tached two or more rows 
of spiral iron pins, that 
{)ress the meat outward- 
ly through a succession 
of sharp, steel knives, 
set within the box. It is 
made finer or coarser, 
according to the rapidity 
with which it is fed. One 
machine will cut from 
1,000 to 1,500 lbs. per day. 
Price f 5 for No. 1, and 
$10 for No. 2. 

We have several sizes 
nf other sausage cutters, 
with a vertical cutting 
knife following upon the 
meat, which revolves in 
a pan. Price $16 to 



1 I, •'5!!' 
Fig. 58. 



Sausagk Stuffer. 




Thiy r^achine will save 
the labor of eight or ten 
persons, and the work is 
done with great ease. 



uluiiiuiiuiiuiiiiiituiiiuiaituuijiiiiiiiiiiiiv 



Fig. 59. 



AGHICULTURAL AND HORTICULTURAL TOOLS. 



45 



Glass IMilk-Pans. 




Fig. 59i. 



Patent Bee Hives. 



These can be furnished 
on order, with or without 
covers, to hohl from four 
to twelve quarts each. 
They are more easily kept 
sweet and clean than if 
made of metal, wood, or 
stone, and are not liable 
to sour the milk by the 
electric changes in the 
atmosphere. 




Of these, we have a great va- 
riety of patterns, and of the 
latest and. best improvements. 
They are so made that it is not 
necessary to df.'sti-oy the bees 
to procure the honey. The 
lower apartment is appropria- 
ted to storing the l)(;e bread 
and re;u-ing the young, while 
the pure, fresh comb is taken 
from the top, as often as nec- 
essary, without (listurbing the 
operations of the bees. 



Fig. 60. 



Bush or Root-Pull£r. 

This is a very useful im- 
plement to attach to bushes, 
clumps of roots, and bogs, 
for the purpose of pulling 
them out of the ground. It 
is made with two, tliree, or 
four claws. These are 
hooked to the bush close to 
the ground; the cattle are 
Fig. 61. then attached to it by a 

chain, when the bush and roots are easily hauled out. It will do the work of 
half a dozen men in clearing and grubbing. 

Brush and Buamble-Hook. 

A strong and useful imple- 
ment for cutting brush or bri- 
ers about fences, or in clear- 





FiG 62. 



ing or nnderbrushing groves 
or fore^sta. 



46 



AGRICULTT'RAL AND HORTICULTURAL TOOLS. 



Ghindstoni. 




Fig. 63. 
Hand- Truck. 



These are now general Ij 
hung on friction rollers, ana 
are moved with a treadle. 
The person grinding can thus 
turn his own stone without 
assistance. 

The friction rollers rendei 
the movement of the stone 
very easy. 




For trucking 
by hand, boxes, 
bales, &c., in the 
store. They are 
of various sizes. 



Fig. 64. 

Wheel and Canal Barrow. 




Of these we have several kinds 



Fig. 65. 

Steam-Engines and Boilers. 
These can be supplied, on order, of the best finish, and warranted ; and a' 
prices as low as they can be found in any part of the United States. 



AGRICULTURAL AND HORTICULTURAL TOOLS. 

Centre- Scales. 



47 




These are made with the 
same accuracy as the plai- 
t'orm scales, but much light- 
er to weigh smaller quanti- 
ties. All of the foregoii>f 
can be furnished both at 
wholesale and retail. 



Fig. 65* 

Improved Eagle Cotton-Gin. 




Fig. 66. 

Description . — a, driving brush pulley ; b, slide ; c, c, end board*? ; d, cylin- 
der pulley ; e, top board ; /, saws ; g, grate fall ; h, seed board, with a section 
of the patent grate below it ; z, idler pulley. The above machines will be 
supplied on orders. 

Fire-Proof Iron Chest. 




These can be furnished of all 
sizes. They afford safety for va- 
luable papers, money, plate, jew- 
elry, &c., not only against fire, 
but, when properly constructed, 
they are proof against any ordi- 
nary attempts at robbery. 



Fig 67. 



48 



AGRICULTURAL AND HORTICULTURAL TOOLS. 

Mowing Machine 




This machine has been recently constructed, 
and its simplicity and efficiency seem to mark it as 
peculiarly fitted for a farmer's implement. It is 
not well suited for a rough surface, but it will work 
well on rolling land, or even side hills, if smooth. 
It will cut an acre of grass an hour, smoothly and 
evenly, and has even done an acre in forty minutes. 
The whole machine weighs less than 500 lbs. and is 
easily drawn by two horses. 



AGRICULTURAL AND HORTICULTURAL TOOLS. 



Brick-Machine. 
These can ne furnished on order, of different patterns. They are worked by 
hand, and will turn out, of a good and uniform qualitj*. as many bricks as can be 
made by two or three good moulders in the ordinary mode. Some of these 
machines make a very superior quality of pressed brick, which command the 
highest price in market. When several occupy the same yard, a steam-engine 
may be used for mi.xing the clay in the place of the ordinary horse power, 
which will greatly facilitate the operation and lessen the expense. 




mw0^,!^^-'' '^ 



Fig. 69 



Sugar-Crushers. 
'.Vo have these of three differeui sizes. They will crush from 4 to 10 hogu- 
heuds a dav- 



50 



AGRICULTURAL AND HORTICULTURAL TOOLS. 



HORTICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS. 

Horticultural Tool-Chest. 




Fig. 70. 



The convenience of having a« 
hand the requisite tools or im- 
plements for gardening and prun- 
ing purposes, to be kept m a 
place where they can always be 
found, is obvious to every one. 
If suffered to lie, or be scattered 
about the premises, they are 
liable to be mislaid or lost, and 
more time is spent in looking 
them up than they are worth. 
This is obviated by using a 
small tool-chest purposely adap- 
ted to keep them. It is very 
complete, containing quite a va- 
riety of implements, only part o/ 
which are shown in the cut 



Anderson's Patent Hammer. 




This is a recent invention ; the claw, as will 
be seen by the cut, extending to the handle 
and clasping it with a strong ring, which 
makes it impossible, in drawing nails, for the 
handle to give way, draw out or become 
loose. The face of the patent hammer will 
thus always remain true, it being kept at the 
same angle with the handle. These ham 
mers are made of cast steel of the best kind, 
and in a very superior manner. Six dif- 
ferent sizes are now made,weighing from half 
a pound to one and a half pounds. 



Fruit Gatherers. 

These are very useful in gath- 
ering fruit from high branches. 
This is done by placing the im- 
plement on a light pole of any 
length required, and slightly 
jerking or pulling the fruit into 
the bag suspended from the fork 
which detaches the stem 



Fig. 72. 



AGRICULTURAL AND HORTICULTURAL TOOLS. 



61 



HOES, SPADES, PICKS, SHOVELS, &c. 
B C 



D 




Fig. 74. 

A, Bog and heavy field hoe. 

B, Bog-hoe and Pick attached. 

C, Post-spoon for digging post holes. 

D, Round-pointed shovel. 
Common hoes of ail kinds. 

Besides the ordinary kinds of hoes, we have difTcrent sizes of the choicest 
kinds made expressly for the cultivation of sugar, cotton, &c. 

Dutch or Shuffle-Hoe. 
From three to twelve inches wide, used for weeding and 
stirring the earth. 

Fig. 75. 




52 



AGRICULTURAL AND HORTICULTURAL TOOLS. 



Shovels and Spades. 
B C 



Of these we have 
Ames', and a great va- 
riety from the best 
manufacturers. 



Fig. 76. 



Pitchforks. 



Pitchforks of different sizes, very strong and elastic. They are made b\ 
several manufacturers, with two, three, and four tines each. 



Manure Forks. 



A 




Floral Rake. 




Fig. 77i 



The best forks are cut out of a plate of cast steel, 
and have from four to eight tines each. They have 
all the elasticity of a steel ramrod. They are strong, 
and very durable if properly handled. We also keep 
a large assortment of the common kind of manure 
forks. 

Garden Fork. 




Fig. 77f. 



AGP«CUI.TURAL AND HORTICULTURAL TOOLS. 63 

ScuFFL£R, Trowel, and Hoe. 



CQ 




Fig. 78. 

A, Garden -scuffler. 

B, Transplanting-trowel, very useful for transplanting flowers and plants. 

C, Weeding-hoe. 

Pruning- Saw akd Chisel. 

The blade of the 6aw is 
about 12 inches long, at- 
tached to the blade of the 
Fig. 79. chisel at one end and to th« 

socket of the chisel handle at the other end. The chisel is 3 inches wide by 
4 inches long, made thin, and of the best cast steel. A wooden handle of con- 
venient length is inserted in the socket handle, enabling a person to stand on 

the ground and trim his trees. m o 

•^ Tke -SniAiEi;. 



^^^^^^^ 




H^i 



Fig. 7y+. 

Figure 80, is very strongly 
made, with long wooden 
handles, and is used for cut- 
ting thick branches from 
trees, shrubbery, hedges, &c. 




Fig. 81 



Fio. 80. 

Pruning-Scissors with Bows. 



Fig. 81, is adapted to pruning small twigs, 
cutting flowers, &c., and is a very useful arti- 
cle for ladies. 



54 



agricultural and horticultural tools 
Sliding Phuning-Shears. 




These instrumentB have 
wooden handles, and differ 
from the Lopping or 
Branch shears, in ha^'ing a 
movable centre for the mo- 
tion of one of the blades, 
by which means, instead of 
a crushing cut, they make 
a draw cut, leaving the 
section of the part attached 
to the tree or shrub smooth, 
as if cut off with a knife; 
they are also much lighter 
and better finished than the 
Lopping shears. 



Fig. 82. 



Garden or Hedge-Shears. 
B 




Fig 83, A, represents this article 
without the pruning notch ; B has 
the pruning notch, which is of ad- 
vantage, when used for trimming 
hedges or shrubbery, as it enables 
the operator to cut much stronger 
twigs than could otherwise be cut 
by the shears. 



Fig. 83. 



AGRICULTURAL AND HORTICULTURAL TOOLS. 



55 




Fig. 84 




Fig 85 




Fig. 86. 



Gkass-Edging or Border-Shears. 

Fig. 84 is chiefly used for trimming 
the sides of box and grass edgings, and 
is constructed so that the operator may 
stand upright whilst using it, the one 
figured here has a wheel attached, which 
is generally considered an advantage 



Ladies' Gardkn-Siiears 



Fig. 85 is small, light, and neatly 
finished, and is very useful for trim- 
ming box trees and bushes, as well as 
for many other purposes. 



Ladies' Pruning- Shears. 



Fig. 86, with wood handles, are hand- 
somely and lightly made ; they are very 
useful in trimming shrubbery, &.c., 
which is too large to be cut by the 
hand-shears. 



Pole Pruning-Shears. 



Fig 87 is attached to a pole, 
and operates by means of a lever 
moved by a cord and pulley. 
Its use is to enable a person, 
standing on the ground, to prune 
trees, some of the branches of 
which could not, perhap.s, be 
as well pruned by any other im- 
FiG. 87. plement. Brandies of one inch 

and a half in diameter may be easily cut ofT with this instrument. Shears of this 
kind, of small size, are also very useful in cutting off from shade and fruit trees, 
small branches to which insects have attached themselves ; they are also used 
for gathering fine fruits, which, when cut, will fall into a basket attached to the 
instrument when used for this purpose. 




56 



AGRICULTURAL AND HORTICULTURAL TOOLS. 




Fig. 88. 




Fig. 89. 




Fig. 90. 




Fig. 91. 



Fig. 92. 



Pole Pruning-Nippers. 

Fig. 88 is a very efficient instrument, and 
possesses the advantage of having a sliding 
cut, which lessens the labor of the person 
pruning, and leaves the branch which has been 
cut as smooth as if a knife had been used ; this 
instrument is much superior to the pole prun- 
ing-shears, but will not cut a branch of greater 
diameter than one inch. 



Prun iNG- Scissors. 

Fig. 89 is very handsomely made, with 
sliding centre and spring, and is fitted 
with sheaths; these scissors cut as 
smoothly as a pruning knife, and for prun- 
ing rose bushes, &c., are superior, especi- 
ally for ladies. 

VlNE-SciS.SORS. 

Fig. 90 is used for thinning out grapes, 
when they have grown too closely on 
the bunch ; also for removing superfluous 
leaves, twigs, &,c. 

Flower-Gatherer. 

Fig. 91 is a pair of scissors combining 
tweezers or pincers; they are of great ad- 
vantage in gathering roses and other 
flowers which have thorny stems, as the 
flower cut by the scissors is held fast by 
that part which acts as pincers. 

Hand-Sliding Pruning-Shears. 

Figs. 92 and 93 
represent the iron 
handled shears, and, 
for gentlemen's use, 
are the best instru- 




FiG. 93 

ments for pruning roses, &c. ; they have the sliding centre and spring, and 
make a perfectly smooth cut. 

The Grass-Edging Knife. 

Fig. 94 is fitted to a straight handle, and used for paring the 
edges of grass bordering walks, &c. ; also for cutting the out 
j|j|f lines of sods, which may then be readily raised by the spade. 

Fig. 94. 




AGRICULTURAL AND HORTICULTURAL TOOLS. 



57 





Fig. 96. 




Fig. 97. 



Fig. 98. 



Brier or Bii.l-IIooks. 

These are of various forms, though the one re- 
presented here is the kind most approved ; they are 
used with either long or short handles, as circum- 
stances may require, and ate very useful for trim- 
ming hedges, cutting brush, brambles, &c. 

Garden-Rakks. 
These vary in the length and strength of their teeth, 
as well as in their number; they are used for covering 
seed, ralcing of weeds or cut gras.s, smoothing and pul- 
verizing surfaces, &c. 



The Grass Lawn Rake. 
Fig 97 has teeth .sharpened on both edges like lancets, 
and is used for raking the grass in order to tear off the 
flower heads or buds of daisies, dandelions, and other 
plants in grass lawns. 



Garden-Trowels. 

Fig. 98 is used to plant or take up for 

re-planting, herbaceous plants, very smal 

trees, roots, &lc. ; they are also used for 

stirring the soil among tender plants in 

confined situations and loosening the roots. 

Gardf.n-Hoes. 







Fic:. 99. 



I'lG 




luu. Fig. 101. 

Fig. 99, Square Hoe, cast steel ; 
Fig. 100, Half-round Hoe, cast steel; 
Fig 101, Turnip Hoe, cast steel ; Fig. 
102, Triangle Hoe, cast steel ; Fig. 103, 
Forked-back Hoe, cast steel; Fig. 
104, Pronged-back Hoe, cast steel. 



Fig. 102. 



Fig. 103. Fir. 104. 



58 



AGRICULTURAL AND HORTICULTURAL TOOLS. 



Sugar-Crushers. 




Fig. 105. 



This machine is 
used by grocers and 
others, for crushing 
sugar as it is taken 
from the hogshead, 
preparatory to ofier- 
ing it for sale. The 
dampness of the 
bottom or sides of 
the cask is thus 
equalized, and the 
appearance of the 
sugar there oy much 
improved. They are 
simple and easily 
kept in order, and 
are turned by hand. 
They are of various 
sizes, and will crush 
from 6 to 12 hogs- 
heads, or more, per 
day. 



Platform- Scales. 

These are made of various sizes, to weigh from 
a pound to over a ton. They are entirely accu- 
rate, and so constructed as not to be liable to get 
out of order, and are easily repaired when by 
long or rough usage they may have becoma 
worn or broken. 




Fig. 106. 



agricultural and horticultural tools. 59 

VVatek-Ram, or Self-Acting Elevator. 



Explanation. — H is the 
brook, spring, or fountain ; 
C, the supply, or drive pipe ; 
G, the pipe which conveys a 
part of the water from the 
drive pipe to the place where 
wanted ; A, the air chamber 
of the ram ; E, top of brass 
valve; D, water wasting 
through the valve by which 
the power of the ram is 
secured. 




Fig. 108. 

Wherever a l^rge spring, or a limited but constant stream is at hand, by 
which a fall of four or five feet may be produced, by building a dam or 
otherwise, a considerable portion of the water of such a stream may be 
raised to a perpendicular height of more than 100 feet, by its own power. 
Thus a stream in a deep valley, or a river or brook, situated some distance be- 
low a point where it is desired to have a cistern or reservoir, may be made to 
raise itself by one of these machines. From such a cistern or reservoir, the 
water may be conveyed to any part of the premises of a lower yard and ai)p!ied 
to the purposes of irrigation, the watering of stock, the supply of manufac- 
tures, or for domestic or ornamental use. By this means, lawns may be kept fresh 
and green through the driest weather; fields and gardens may be irrigated, foun- 
tains be kept playing, and public buildings, hospitals, hotels, private dwellings, 
and manufactories, may be copiously supplied with water in their highest 
apartments. 

We furnish these machines to order, of various sizes, and at a moderate cost. 
They will raise from 5 to 50 gallons per minute. 



60 



AGRICULTUKAL AND HOETICULTURAL TOOLS. 



Orders received, also, for any of the following articles, with competent en- 
gineer, if required, for fitting them up, viz. Cast-iron Fountains, Figures and 
Shells, Fire- Engines, Double-acting Force-Pumps, Filtering-JVlachines, Air- 
Pumps, Wind-Mills, Water-Wheels, Leather-Hose and Hose Coupling- Screws. 
Lead-Pipe, Brass-Work, &c. 

Cast-Iron Fountain. 




Fig. 109. 
There are a great variety of the cast-iron fountains furnished us by the manu- 
facturers, combining almost every style of rural and classic taste, all of wbicn 
we can supply on demand, at the lowest prices. 



THE GARDEN. 




In garden culture, greater pains should betaken than in field culture, because 
the products there are required to be of superior quality, and it is desired to 
make the most of the land, to say nothing about the eye being gratified with its 
tidy appearance. It should be sheltered from cold winds, and have a south- 
ern or eastern aspect if possible ; also, a warm, dry soil for all early vegetables. 
Later products may be put on a colder soil. The deeper the ground is stirred, 
and enriched, the better. One foot is the least depth that a good gardener will 
be satisfied with, and if he can turn up and enrich the soil to eigliteen inches or 
two feet, so much the better. Indeed, with asparagus and some otiier products, 
the latter depth is absolutely necessary to produce a good crop. 

Soils. 

Stiff clays should generally be ke;)t in grass or the small grains, for, owing 
to their adhesiveness, they are so difficult of cultivation that they will not pay 
for working them at the present prices of labor. If properly managed and oc- 
casionally manured, their average yield of grass is good, and it does not run 
out as in most other soils. Loamy and sandy soils should be subject to a rota- 
tion of crojts. 

The ground should always be thoroughly and deeply pulverized. In a'ldi- 
tion to the use of the best common plows, this is best done with the suh soil 
plow, wiilch loosens 'he substratum without turning it up to the si face. 



62 FIELD AND GARDEN SEEDS. 

Sub-soils are rarely so rich as surface soils ; they should therefore be brought 
up and mixed with the surface soil no faster than they can be enriched and 
made equal to it. A rich subsoil may be advantageously turned up 
to any depth. In alluvial bottoms, when a depth of six inches or more of soil 
has been cultivated till it has become somewhat exhausted, by turning up an ad- 
ditional depth of fresh rich earth is thus brought to the cultivated surface, and 
is equivalent to a good manuring. Trench or deep plowing, under such cir- 
cumstances, is very beneficial. 

FIELD AlffD aARDSDT SSBDS, 

Observations relative to Selection, Culture, &c. 

In selecting our seeds we use the utmost care to ascertain, in the first place, 
whether they be true of their kind; and secondly, whether they are fresh and 
certain to generate : and thirdly, whether they be free from all foul seed. We, 
however, do not claim infallibility, and from being deceived ourselves, may 
occasionally be the innocent means of deceiving others. Whenever such a 
case occurs we beg to be apprised of it, and the party complaining shall be en- 
sured jedress. 

Seeds often do not germinate in consequence of the extreme dryness or damp- 
ness of the ground ; from excessive heat or cold; from being covered too deep 
or too shallow ; sometimes they are burned up by coming in too close contact 
with hot manures ; or the soil may be too poor ; or they may be eaten up by 
under-ground insects ; or if they escape these, as soon as the embryo bursts 
and before it can appear above ground, it may be destroyed by worms or flies 
frequently so minute that the naked eye cannot perceive them ; or after coming 
up, they may be choked and destroyed by weeds. All these causes should be 
inquired into thoroughly before complaint is made; for it is more often 
other causes than fault of the seed, that prevent its germination and growth. 
Where there is any doubt upon the subject, a small quantity of seed should be 
sown in a flower-pot, and carefully guarded in a conservatory or some proper 
•dace, till a sufiicient time has elapsed to prove whether it be good or bad. 

Culture of Roots. — All roots require a deep, rich, mellow, and sufficiently 
dry soil It should be worked at a time that will insure its being left finely 
pulverized. The use of long or unfermented manure is not objectionable, if it 
can be laid sufficiently deep in the furrow to be out of the way of subsequent 
tillage. The great supply of the nutritious gases afforded to the growing crop 
while it is undergoing decomposition, renders it a valuable manure. 

Artichoke {for the Garden). — The Large Globe is the best variety. It is 
propagated either from the seeds or roots. It requires a rich soil and ample 
room. Plant the seed early in the spring, three or four inches apart, in rows 
from one to one and a half feet apart. The next year, transplant the roots or 
offsets to beds highly manured, placing three or four roots in a circle of six 
inches, and these circles three or four feet apart. Protect during the winter by 
raising over them a mound or litter of light dry earth. 



FIELD AND GARDEN SEEDS. 63 

Artichoke, Jerusalem (/or the field). — This root is cultivated like the po- 
tato, in hills or drills. At the South and West, it is fed by turning swine on 
to the fields. A winter's supply of food for these animals is easily pro- 
vided, and the crop thus fed off greatly enriches the land. This artichoke is 
considered one of the best of fertilizers, as it derives a large amount of its car- 
bon and nitrogen from the atmosphere. It should be cultivated extensively in 
well grown orchards. After the fruit is gathered, swine may be turned on. 
Their rooting is nearly as beneficial as plowing; they destroy, at the same 
time, nearly all the insects harboring round the trees, and the manure they 
leave is equivalent to a good top-dressing. Frost does not injure artichokes and 
they will propagate without replanting. They grow on the poorest land. 

Asparagus. — There are several varieties of asparagus, but the difference 
mainly arises from the nature of the soil. On strong loamy land, the growth 
is more robust and the shoots more tender than on sandy soil. Early in the 
spring, soak the seed in warm water for 24 hours, then drill it thinly, in rows 
sufficiently wide to admit the hoe. When two years old, they may be trans- 
planted into permanent beds. A convenient width for these is four feet, and 
the plants placed twelve inches apart in each direction. They .should be plant- 
ed at least four inches beneath the surface, well manured at the time, and an- 
nually thereafter. Salt, spread broadcast thickly over the beds, after forking 
them over early in the spring, adds to the growth of the plant, and makes it 
much sweeter and more delicate. A compost of guano and charcoal is also an 
excellent top-dressing. 

Beans. — The.^^e maybe planted in hills or drills. The former is somewhat 
more convenient for the field, as it admits of easier culture with light plows or 
cultivators. When land is in good condition, it is better to place the hills so 
near to each other, that only a first or second plowing can be performed. The 
spreading of the vines will prevent any subsequent cultivation. Hoeing when 
wet with rain or dew is said to rust them. The best bearers are the garden 
beans; and among these there are none better than the long white kidney. 
They are early ripe, sure and prolific bearers. Any good soil is suited to them, 
but it must be dry. They may be planted when there is no longer danger from 
frost. They are often planted among corn at the second hoeing, but the corn 
ought to be sufficiently thick to prevent the growth of any other crop. 

Beet. — Pour boiling water on the seed, and let it stand afterwards at blood 
heat for two or three days at least, when it will be fit for sowing. Mix plas- 
ter, ashes, or fine dirt, with the .seed before sowing, then plant with a seed 
sower, or sow by hand, four inches apart, in drills two and a half or three feet 
distance, and about one inch deep, and set the earth compactly over them. 
After the young plants make their appearance, stir the earth frequently with 
the horse plow or cultivator, and keep the weeds well cleaned out. But one 
plant should be left every six to eight inches in the drills, and if any are de- 
ficient, their places may be supplied by transplanting in a moist or wet day. 
They should be harvested before severe frosts set in, the tops trimmed off an<' 



64 FIELD AND GARDEN SEEDS 

laid in pits or in a cool cellar. The best kind for stock feeding, is the sugai 
beet, and it produces as large a crop as the mangel-wurzel. The long blood 
red, and orange turnip-root beets, are the best for the garden. These nnay be 
sown in drills one foot apart. Four pounds of good seed is enough for an 
acre. 

Borecole. — Under this head, we may have the dwarf -kale, which is an ex- 
cellent green for winter and spring use, and being dwarf it is easily preserved 
during the severest weather; and the Scotch kale, which is sown in May and 
transplanted and treated as winter cabbage. 

Broccoli. — This produces heads like cauliflower in autumn. The large 
purple Cape appears to be the best adapted to our climate. Sow in seed-beds 
early, transplant into very rich ground when eight or twelve inches high, and 
manage generally as is usual with winter cabbage. 

Brussels Sprouts — Are cultivated for the small heads which spring in 
considerable numbers from the main stem. They are much esteemed in some 
parts of Europe. Sow in seed-bed early in spring, and transplant and manage 
as with winter cabbage. 

Cabbage. — For the garden, sow the early sorts in a hot-bed, and transplant 
from two to three feet apart in a wet or cloudy day, as soon as the weather will 
permit, on well manured or rich land. For field-culture, sow the later and 
larger kinds of seed in beds, and transplant about the first of June, somewhat 
farther apart than in the garden, so as to admit the cultivator running between 
the rows. 

Carrots. — These should be sown in soil similar to the beet, except that it 
requires to be somewhat lighter and looser than is essential to the beet. Soak 
the seed in warm water for a day or two, and then thoroughly mix it with 
plaster, ashes, or dirt, to break the little adhesive fibres, and allow of sowing 
easily. The drills may be two to two and a half feet apart, and the plants al- 
lowed to stand about eight inches apart in the drill, if of the largest kinds or 
if of the smaller, they may stand nearer. For the garden, sow in rows of one 
foot apart. Frequent hoeing or stirring the ground, and thorough weeding, 
are essential subsequently. The white or Belgian carrot is the greatest pro- 
ducer at the least expense of soil, as it draws largely from the atmosphere for 
its support, and growing high out oi^the ground, it is easily harvested. It is not, 
however, as nutritious for stock, pound for pound, as the other kinds. The 
lung orange or red is a choice kind for the field. About two pounds of seed is re- 
quired per acre. 

Cauliflower. — Sow the early in hot-beds, and transplant into rich soil. 
The late to be treated like the Cape broccoli, which it resembles. 

Celery. — Sow in hot-beds, and transplant into a rich, moist place. Thiq 
is a favorite salad. 

Chervil. — This is also used as a salad. Sow in close drills in May. 

Corn-Salad or Vettikost. — This is a small salad used throughout the wi'? 



FIELD AND GARDEN SEEDS. 65 

ter and spring;. Sow thickly in drills first of autumn, and cover lightly with 
straw on the first approach of severe weather. 

Indian Corn. — This should be planted for ripening as soon as the spring 
frosts are over. The soil must be liglit, dry, and rich, to produce a good crop 
It is always best to soak the seed before planting, in a strong solution of salt- 
petre. This gives an early, vigorous growth, and prevents crows and other 
foragers from depredating on the fields. An absurd principle is adopted by 
some farmers, to set up scare-crows, or kill off the birds visiting the fields. 
Even if they take some oi the seed, they will probably more than make up for 
it, by the quantity of worms and bugs they will also destroy. But by soaking 
in saltpetre, or pouring into a barrel containing a bushel of seed, a quart or 
more of very hot tar, stirring the whole mass rapidly, every kernel will have 
become coated, and the plunderers after picking up a few will gladly give up 
the pillage, and betake themselves to an e.x;termination of the rival enemies to 
the corn, the worms, bugs, and beetles. 

Corn should be planted on well plowed ground in leaving, with three to six 
Btalks in a hill, according to the kind of seed used, three to five feet apart> flO 
as to admit of weeding and stirring the earth both ways with the plow or cul- 
tivator. For light land, even or level cultivation (not hilling) is best. The 
tops of the corn should never be c\it off till the corn is nearly ripened; but in- 
stead of the top, when there is danger from frost, the whole stalk should be cut 
close to the ground as soon as the grain is thoroughly glazed. If shocked in 
the field in this state it will fully mature the grain and yield good fodder from 
the stalk. The Dutton, Brown, and other kinds of eight-rowed, large-eared, 
and early-maturing corn, are best for the Northern States; while the choicest 
varieties of the gourd seed are better and more productive for the warmer cli- 
mate of the South and West. Sugar or sweet corn is the favorite for cultivat- 
ing in the garden for table use. 

Sowing corn for soiling or fodder has been adopted of late years This is 
done by sowing in drills, say eighteen inches or two feet apart, and quite thick 
in the rows ; or broadca.st, at the rate of three to four and a half bushels per 
acre. The best kind for soiling is the sweet corn, as its stalks are the sweet- 
est, most juicy, and tender. Where it has taken well, and the season has 
proved favorable, an enorinou.> quantity of fodder has thus been raised. 

Bkoom-Corn — Should be planted on soil similar to the preceding, but some- 
what later in the season, as a spring frost, which could be resisted by the 
greater hardiness of Indian corn, might effectually destroy this plant. The rows 
should be three feet apart, and the hills about two feet distant from each other; 
fifteen to twenty ripe seeds should be sown in a hill, so as to ensure eight or 
ten good plants, to which number they should be thinned on a second weed- 
ing. Early and frequent stirring of the ground is essential. 

Curled Cress or Pepper-Grass. — Used as a small salad. Sow very thick- 
ly in shallow drills, at short intervals throughout the season. 

Cucumbers. — To obtain them early, plant the seed in'a hot-bed, or in elevat- 

5 



66 • FIELD AND GARDEN SEEDS. 

eu hills, well manured with rotten horse-dung, and covered with glazed 
frames. For later use, they should occupy rich, light, and warm soil, well 
mixed with manure ; or a good shovelful or more may be put into each hill. 
Plant in hills about four feet apart each way, elevating the hills a little above 
the level of the ground. Put in eight or ten seeds into each hill, and cover 
them half an inch deep with fine dirt, and as in all other planting, press the 
earth a little over the seeds with the back of the hoe. When the plants are up, 
examine them closely, as they are frequently attacked by the yellow bug, or 
fly. To prevent this, take soot, sifted ashes, and ground plaster, equal parts 
of each, well mixed together, and dust the plants with it. If the plants are 
dry, sprinkle them with water before you dust them. Keep the ground loose 
and clear of weeds, and in dry weather water your plants freely. After they 
have attained a vigorous growth, and the danger from insects is over, they may 
be thinned, leaving two or three of the most thrifty in the hill. Those intend- 
ed for pickling, may be planted later. The cultivation and management of 
these is the same as the others, excepting that the hills should be at least five 
feet apart each way. Nip off the first runner bud of cucumbers and melons, 
and they will become more stocky and fruitful. 

Egg-Plant. — Sow in hot-bed or other protected place, very early in the 
spring, and transplant into rich ground, two to three feet apart. The seed 
does not vegetate freely, and repeated sowings are sometimes necessary. 

Endive. — Sow from May to July in shallow drills ; thin out the plants to 
stand eight to ten inches apart ; tie up to blanch as needed. 

Sea Kale. — Plant in hills two feet apart. It is forced into growth in the spring, 
blanched, and used as asparagus. 

Leek. — This is so hardy as to endure the extremes of heat and cold without 
injury. Sow early in drills, eighteen inches apart, and thin the plants so that 
they may be six inches apart. 

Lettuce. — This requires a mellow soil. It should be sown as early in the 
spring as possible, or it maybe sown late in the fall for early use the following 
spring. To obtain a constant and regular supply throughout the season, it 
should be put i.i every month from March to September. It may be sown 
broadcast, moderately thin, or in rows from twelve to eighteen inches distant, 
according to the usual size of the different kinds. Rake in the seed lightly 
with a fine tooth garden-rake. When the plants are up, stir the ground lightly 
when it is dry, and clear out the weeds. The most tender salad is produced 
when allowed to grow up thick. This may be early and continually thinned 
for use. Those intended for large heads should stand eight or ten inches apart ; 
the hardy kinds, such as the large green head, ice cross, and biown Dutch, 
may be sown in September, and covered with straw at the approach of severe 
weather. Any kind may be sowni in hot-bed in March, and transplanted in the 
open ground at the proper season. 

Melons.— Treat the same as cucumbers, except planting wider apart, say 
ve to seven feet. 



FIELD AND GARDEN SEEDS. 67 

Mustard. — The white and broad leaf kinds are excellent for salad or greens. 
They should be sown very early in the spring, in a rich, warm soil, in .•-hHliow 
drills, ten inches apart, and kept clear from weeds. After the crop is off, the 
ground may be planted with other crops. 

For grinding, the brown mustard seed is the best, and may be sown broad 
cast or in drills, and kept clean from weeds. This is now cultivated exten- 
sively as a field crop, by sowing it broadcast or in drills from one foot to eight- 
een inches apart. Mow it when ripe, and cure it like grain or hay, and 
thrash oui the seed in a grain thrasher. It yields from ten to fifteen bushels 
per acre. It is a great exhauster of the land when grown for seed, and re- 
quires a rich soil. It is sometimes plowed in green to enrich the land. W lien 
sown in drills, from one and a half to two quarts of seed are enough per acre ; 
broadcast, it requires four quarts per acre. 

Nasturtium. — The flowers and young leaves are used as a salad. The 
seed-pods are gathered while green and tender, and pickled. 

Okra. — This is a wholesome vegetable and much used in soups. Plant in 
May or June, in hills two or three feet apart, allowing two or three plants lo 
stand in a hill. The seed is liable to rot in the ground, and should be put in 
thickly to secure the requisite quantity of plants. Very rich ground is required 
for this vegetable. 

Parsley. — Sow early in the spring, in rows or beds. If the seed is soaked 
in warm water some hours immediately before sowing, it will vegetate more 
speedily. When sown dry it will sometimes lie in the ground two or three 
weeks before it vegetates. 

Parsnip. — This root is among the most valuable raised for farm stock. It 
requires deep, rich, loose soil, and may be sown at about the same distance as 
carrots. The seed need not be soaked before sowing ; but it should be put in 
the ground early, while the ground is wet, which will ensure its immediate 
vegetation. Unlike all other cultivated roots, except the artichoke, the pars- 
nip may remain in the ground throughout the winter, without injury from 
frost; but care is requisite for the removal of all standing water, or decay will 
inevitably follow. About two pounds of seed are required per acre. 

Peas. — These are adapted to almost any dry soil ; yet they will give a much 
greater yield on rich land. Fresh manure is not good for either peas or beans. 
They will bear a much heavier soil than the bean, good clays being highly 
favorable to their growth. The fields intended for peas should be prepared 
by fall plowing, and the seed may be sown, as soon as the land is sutficienily 
settled in the spring after the heavy frosts, either broadcast or in drills, and 
harrowed or plowed in two or three inches deep. In the latter case, they will 
admit of light plowing or harrowing immediately after they are up, by which 
weeds will be exterminated and the growth of the crop promoted. Where ihe 
soil is adapted to them, and the seed takes well, broadcast sowing is equally 
efficient in preventing weeds, as their vigorous growth effectually overshadows 
and keeps them in subjection The best kind for field sowing is the grass pea 



68 FIELD AND GARDEN SEEDS. 

and the marrow-fat for garden-culture. Earlier kinds should he selected m 
part, for the garden. Sow at the rate of two to four bushels per acre. 

Pepper. — Sow in drills, on a warm border, late in the spnnp^ or early in 
summer, and thin them to stand sixteen to eighteen inches apart. Or they 
may be sown early in the season, in a frame or flower-pot, and transplanted. 

Potatoes. — This root is the product of almost every soil, although dry, rich 
land is best suited to them. A sod turned over in the preceding autumn, so 
as to become well rotted in the spring, is perhaps the best suited to give a 
fair yield, and at the same time a fine, healthy, well matured crop. They may 
be planted in hills or drills. Whole potatoes, of a medium size, are better (or 
planting than small, or large cut ones. They should be well hilled up in hoe- 
ing. The hills may be about three or three and a half feet apart ; or if in 
drills, they may be three and a half feet asunder, and the potatoes placed about 
ten inches apart. There are a variety of choice potatoes, which are popular 

times in different parts of the country, and which, from the introduction of 

ew and favorite varieties, or the older ones becoming poor bearers, or from 

other causes, fall into disuse. Among the best of the present time may be 

mentioned the kidney, the pink-eye, &c. It requires from twelve to twenty 

bushels of seed, for planting an acre. 

Pumpkins. — This is a valuable field crop for fall and early winter-feeding, 
for cattle, sheep, and swine. It is usually planted among corn and potatoes, 
which is a good practice. But it may be advantageously grown by itself on a 
rich, dry, well pulverized soil, planting in hills, at a distance of six to seven 
feet apart each way. Most of the iiltivation may be done with the cultiva- 
tor. The large yellow pumpkin is the best 

Radish. — These may be sown at all times in a warm soil. The land should 
be well manured, deeply dug, and raked free from clods and stones. For a 
succession of crops, sow once in two weeks. 

Rhubarb. — This is cultivated for the leaf stalk, which possesses an agree- 
able acidity, and resembles the gooseberry when made into pies or tarts ; and 
it is an excelleut substitute for it, as it is fit for use before green fruit can be 
had. It is propagated from the roots, which, in deep mellow soil, give an im- 
mediate and large return. 

RuTA Baga or Swedish Turnip. — This may be sown on land prepared simi- 
larly to beets, either broadcast or in drills. The former method is preferable 
in one respect, as it gives a much larger supply of food to the turnip beetle or 
fly, which may still leave enough for the farmer after it has eaten its fill. 
Early sowing is best, as it insures a good crop of large roots, or if it is cut ofl 
by drought or the fly, it leaves sufl5cient time for resowing. Soaking the seea 
in the most offensive curriers' oil for two or three days, and then rolling in 
plaster, is a help to the young plant, and they both assist its rapid growth, and 
the oil is nauseating to the insects in its first tender leaves, which are most li- 



GRASSES AND CLOVERS. 89 

able to destruction. About one and a half pounds of seed is required per 
acre. 

Salsify or Vegetable Oyster. — The roots are boiled like carrots, as a 
Tegetable dish ; or after being par-boiled, made into cakes, with paste, and fried 
like oysters, which they closely resemble in flavor. Cultivated in all respects 
like the carrot. 

Sorrel. — The garden sorrel is used as a salad. Sow in June, in drills, and 
thin the plants to twelve inches apart. 

Spinach. — This may be sown at every season. It produces thick, succulent 
leaves of a large size. It may be sown either broadcast or in drills. For 
spring or summer use, sow as early as the ground can be tilled, and after- 
wards at short intervals. For winter and early spring use, sow middle and 
last of autumn. The latter sowing will need a sprinkling of straw or long 
manure on the arrival of cold weather. The around cannot be too rich for 
spinach, and the stronger it is, the more succulent will be the leaves, and of 
course the more delicate and tender. 

Squash. — Cultivate the same as cucumbers and melons. 

Tomato — For early use, sow in hot-beds and transplant into warm soil, 
setting the plants in rows three or four feet apart, which should be trained oa 
poles. 

White or English Turnip. — This crop is raised most successfully on 
newly cleared land, which is well coated with ashes and charred vegetable 
matter ; or on a fresh sod which has been long in grass and turned over the last 
of May or early in June, and on which sheep have been folded till they have 
covered it well with manure. Good seed sown on this, after thorough re- 
plowing and harrowing till it is sufficiently mellow, at the rate of one and a 
half pounds per acre, and brushed in, will generally insure a good crop. 

For further particulars on the culture of grass, grain, and roots, we refer to 
the American Agriculturist, and Compend of American Agriculture, where the 
most minute directions may be found for nearly all these difTerent kinds of 
crops. 



aRASSXSS AND CIiOVBRS. 

There are many kinds of plants that belong to the clover family, such as the 
scarlet, yellow, and Bokhara clovers, sainfoin, trefoil, &c. ; but for various 
reasons, which we have not space to enumerate here, they have not flourished 
well in the United States, and we forbear encumbering our pages with thera. 
The same remarks will hold in respect to bent grass, rib grass, &c., &c. We 
have either tried on our own farm, or seen tried by our friends, nearly all 
European grasses and clovers, and the result is, that they are not equal to those 
we mention below, and our farmers, therefore, have nearly abandoned their 



70 GRASSES AND CLOVERS. 

culture. We believe that some of the indigenous grasses of America may be 
profitably cultivated, and we recommend experimenting with them in prefer- 
ence to European grasses, already so often tried and found wanting. 

Blue Grjjss. — This is, properly, the Smooth- Stalked, June, or Green- Grass of 
the Northern States, and is deemed invaluable at the South-west, yielding a luxu- 
riant winter forage, which is cropped by the stock on the ground. It is a valu- 
able pasture grass at the North, being hardy and self-propagating, and with the 
white clover, spontaneously filling up every vacant space of waste ground in 
our good clay lands. But as a meadow grass, it is lightly esteemed, coming to 
maturity some weeks before the Timothy or clover, and by the time they are fit 
to cut, yielding only a small quantity of withered grass. Like the white clover, 
it ripens and sheds its seed, so as to give a prolific growth of fresh plants for 
the fall and spring feed. Few plants equal this and the white clover for fatten- 
ing qualities, or the production of milk. Both yield a superior quality and a 
large quantity of butter. When cut with white clover for hay, it should be 
housed as green as possible, and well salted. This grass is very desirable for 
lawns, as it grows fine and thick, and the turf is firm and elastic under tlie feet. 
It should be sown at the rate of ten to fifteen pounds per acre, in the autumn 
or winter at the South, and early in the spring at the North. Top-dress with 
fine compost, guano, or ashes and lime. 

Red Clover. — This is one of the most important crops in the United States. It 
grows readily on almost every soil, from Maine to Texas; and under proper 
treatment, almost everywhere yields profitable returns. By large numbers of 
farmers, especially in New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, it is used ex- 
tensively as a fertilizer in their rotation for wheat, for which nothing is better 
adapted. It also affords one of the most profitable crops of hay. For this pur- 
pose it is usually raised in connextion with Timothy, a practice which is objec- 
tionable, on account of its maturity for the scythe, being some time earlier than 
this grass. It does well sown with orchard grass, as the two ripen about the 
same time. All soils are suited to it, if dry and fertile. It may be sown in the 
autumn or winter at the South ; at the North with winter wheat or rye, when the 
snow is Just disappearing in the spring, and while the earth is still thrown up by 
the effects of frost, or as early thereafter as possible. No subsequent harrow- 
ing is then necessary. It may also be sown with oats or barley after the latter 
have been harrowed in. It should be cut before the bulk of the blossoms are 
turned brown, and after lying in the swath until wilted, turned over without 
sjtreading, raked and cocked the same day; and when sufl[iciently cured in the 
cock, put in store, with the addition of a peck to half a bushel of salt to every 
ton. There are several kinds of red clover ; the large or northern, the meadow, 
and the dwarf. The two former are usually cultivated. Clover, and all other 
crops, when sown upon light or sandy lands, are greatly improved by the use of 
the roller. From eight ^'o sixteen pounds of good seed is required for an acre, 
more being necessary on stiflf or old soils than on new and lighter ones. 

White Clover. — This is a valuable herbage for pastures, but does not grow 



GRASSES AND CLOVERS. 7l 

to a sufficient size for piofitable hay. Clays and calcareous .soils are best adapted 
to it, and on these, if iii good condition, it grows spontaneously and in greajt 
abundance. Plaster, with a reasonable degree of fertility, will always insure 
a luxuriant growth of the clovers, often bringing them into existence where 
their presence had scarcely before been noticed. Sow from four to eight 
pounds per acre. 

Lucerne. — This is cultivated to considerable extent in the neighborhood of 
our cities for soiling cows. It requires a very deep, rich loam, as it sends 
down its long tap roots to a depth of 2 to 5 feet. It must be kept clear of 
weeds the first year, after which it completely covers the ground. I^ may be 
cut several times in the course of the season, and yields a large quantity of 
fodder, somewhat inferior in its nutritive qualities to the red clover. Plaster, 
or bones in considerable quantities, ground and scattered broadcast, and other 
manures, are essenti;il to its continued productiveness on the same land. It 
requires from ten to fifteen lbs. of seed to the acre, if sown broadcast, or two 
thirds of the quantity if sown in drills nine inches apart. 

Orchard-Grass. — Orchard Grass of the United States, is what is called 
rough cocks-foot in England. It comes forward earlier than any other grass 
in the spring, and produces most abundant crops in quick succe.ssion, yielding 
several large cuttings of excellent hay in one season, and furnishing a great 
quantity of nutritive pasturage. It requires a dry and good soil, and should 
be cut before it ripens, or closely fed, to secure its full value. Sow at the rate 
of one and a half to two bushels per acre, for if the seed is not sown thick, it 
will come up in tufts. It is important that this grass should cover all the land. 

Herds-Grass or Red-Top. — This is a valuable grass for very moist soils, 
yielding a large return of good hay. It is cultivated in the same ma,nner as Timo- 
thy, but requires a moister soil. In New England, a variety of this species is 
usually known by the name of Red Top. The quantity of seed required to 
sow an acre is from 12 to 16 quarts. 

Ray-Grass. — Perennial ray -grass or rye-grass, yields very readily and with 
comparatively little trouble, an abundance of sound, healthy seed, and is cer- 
tain in its growth. It starts early in the spring, and is much relished by all 
kinds of stock. It answers equally well for a course of mowing and pasturing 
for two, three, or seven years 

There is a variety of this plant known by the name of " Italian Rye-Grass," 
of only two years' duration, which is almost universally sown in England and 
some other parts of Europe, either with or without clover, among grain-crops, 
with the view of obtaining a crop of hay the second year. It attains a greater 
height, and produces a longer, broader spike of flowers than the perennial rye- 
grass ; and the produce in hay is considered greater than that of any other bi- 
ennial grass, equally palatable to cattle. The quantity of seed employed in 
sowing an acre, is from 10 to 16 lbs. 

Tall Oat-Grass. — In the Middle States, particularly in Delaware, this is 
one of the best grasses for early soiling. It grows rapidly and produces a con 



72 FERTILIZERS. 

stant succession of luxuriant fodder, whether cut or fed on the ground. A stiff 
clay, as well as other soils, is suited to it. It should be sown in the spring, 
either by itself or on winterer spring grain. It should be fed green, as it is 
too coarse and dry when cured to make good hay. Sow from 12 to 16 quarts 
per acre. 

Timothy or Herds-Grass. — This is also called foxtail, and meadow-cat's 
tail. It is among the best grasses for hay in the northern parts of the United 
States and the Canadas. Good clays or loamy lands are best suited for it. 
Unless sown late in the season, it will not require harrowing, the rains plant- 
ing it with sufficient depth where the surface is light or well mellowed with 
the harrow. It should be suffered to remain till the seed is rather past the 
milk, and getting into the dough, when it may be cut, and in this state much 
of the seed will germinate. Enough of the seed is thus scattered upon the 
ground, to renew and keep the permanent meadows in high condition as to 
productiveness. It is suited either to a moist or dry soil. If sown with 
clover, at the proper season, 8 quarts of seed, with 6 to 10 lbs. of clover, on a 
well pulverized surface, will give a good coating of grass ; but on a stiffer soil, 
or when an immediate thick growth is desired to keep all weeds down, this 
quantity may be nearly doubled. Although it yields little or no after-math, 
when cut late, yet Timothy makes a rich productive pasture. It may be sown 
in August or September, or early in the spring, at the rate of 12 to 16 quarts 
per acre 

FERTIZiIZERS. 

We shall treat only of such fertilizers as are usually kept on sale ; and in 
doing this, it is impossible to give anything more than brief, general directions 
as climate, the nature of .soil, the crop to be raised, and many other particu- 
lars must be taken into consideration, in their proper application. Great waste 
is often made in applying manures. For example, bone-dust is sometimes ap- 
plied where there may already be sufficient of the phosphates in the land} 
lime, where the soil is full of it; ashes, on new and rich land, &c., &c. In 
such cases as these, manures have little or no effect for a time, or until crops 
have partially exhausted them. Barn-yard manure, peat, and muck, are often ap- 
plied to wheat and other small grain crops, when they only serve to injure the 
grain, by forcing a large growth of straw. Grass, corn, roots, and some other 
crops, may be successfully rai.sed with manures of almost any kind or quantity; 
and as a general rule, the small grains should succeed these crops, at which 
time, ashes, plaster, bones, or lime may be applied ; and if the soil be uoor, a 
top dressing of guano, rotted barn-yard manure, or composts of fish w)th peat 
and muck, may be added. For minute descriptions on all these points, we 
would again refer to the American Agricultuiist and Compend of American 
Agriculture. 

Wood Ashes — These may be used leached or unleached, with good effect 
at ail seasons, and on all kinds of soils, though they best suit light sandy 



FERTILIZERS. 73 

or gravelly soils. From 10 to 70 bushels per acre are applied. Grass and 
turnips are most benefited by them, and they have a marked effect on corn, 
wheat, and other small grains. They should be spread on grass lands early in 
the spring, or just after mowing, — around tiie stalks of corn after the first hoe- 
ing, spread broadcast over the turnip crop after sowing, or be brushed in with 
the .seed, or applied in the same way to wheat, rye, and other small grains, in 
the fall or spring. Anthnacite coal ashes are also found to have a marked ef- 
fect on grass and corn. 

Bone Dust. — This may be applied like ashes, except in less quantities ; ten 
to thirty bushels per acre is sufficient for a single application. Its effect on 
Indian corn is not so good as ashes. It best suits grass, wheat, and turnips. 

Ch.ircoal Dust. — This also may be applied like ashes, but in larger quantity, 
from twenty to two hundred bushels per acre. It absorbs moisture, ammonia, 
and other gases from the atmosphere, and is therefore particularly valuable on 
light soils. Keep it as near the surface as possible. It is an admirable mix- 
ture in composts of all kinds, esjiecially such as abound in putrescent manures. 
It arrests and holds the ammonia contained in them, and removes all unpleasant 
smell. 

Guano. — Caution in application. — Place the guano so that it will not touch 
the young roots, or stalks of corn, potatoes, cabbages, tobacco, sugar cane, cot- 
ton, or any plant that has but one stem ; as it is so powerful that the smallest 
portion injures the plants, if it comes in contact with them before its strength 
has been diffused through the soil, by rains or dews. With grass and small 
grains, this caution is not as important, as other shoots from the roots will im- 
mediately supply the place of those killed. 

Preparation. — Before using guano, pass it through a fine sieve, and all lumps 
remaining, break up, and these pass through the sieve. Then take at least 
four times its bulk of mold, or light loamy soil, and pass this through a coarser 
sieve, and mix it in layers with the guano. Let this compost lie a few days — 
several weeks would be better — then turn it over and mix well together, and it is 
fit for use. Some prefer adding the guano to ten or twenty times its bulk of 
soil for a compost, without sifting it, but mix them together in alternate layers 
as well as it can be done with a shovel. Sifting, however, is best, as it is 
done so much more evenly. Sawdust, spent tan-bark, peat, &c., are good ma- 
terials with which to mix guano ; but charcoal is better than either, as it ab- 
sorbs the ammonia, and is in itself an excellent manure. When convenient to 
be obtained, plaster of Paris ought to be used in the compost, at the rate of 
thirty to fifty pounds for every one hundred pounds of guano ; it acts in the 
same way as charcoal. Lime and ashes must be avoided in composts, as they 
rapidly expel the ammonia, the most valuable part of the guano. Muck, if 
possible, should not be used for the compost, as it is too moist and tenacious to 
form a proper mixture. The same objection holds against clay or any tena- 
cious soil. Yet, if there be no other soil at hand, muck or clay may be tho- 
roughly dried and pulverized, and then used. Guano should not be mixed with 



74 FERTILIZERS. 

oani-yard manures, nor indeed with any 7noist substance, as these cause it to 
undergo the decomposition requisite to promote vegetation. The compost 
should be m;ide under cover, unless the weather be dry. 

Quantity appl/'ed per Acre. — This depends upon the kind of soil and its con- 
dition, and the kind of crop to be grown. From two hundred and fifty to four 
hundred pounds of guano per acre, is the safest quantity to apply. It acts 
quickest in a light sandy soil or loam, and is e.xcellent to start crops on cold, 
moist land. It hastens the ripening of crops on all kinds of soil. 

Guano should be spread broadcast upon grass lands, early in the spring, and 
directly after mowing ; and on grain, early in the spring, or in the autumn di- 
rectly after being sown. When applied to corn, either pure or in compost, a 
tablespoonful orso may be put roundeach hill, and a little dirt thrown over, and 
then drop the seed, or it may be hoed in round the corn the first time hoeing 
Apply it in the same way to peas, beans, potatoes, and other root crops, me- 
lons, &,c. 

Steeps and Liquids. — For one pound of guano, use ten to twenty gallons of 
water; or at the same rate for a smaller proportion. Stir it well and cover over 
the vessel tight, so as to prevent the escape of the ammonia, and let it remain 
from one to three days before being used. Water around {not upon) the plants 
as occasion may require. If the liquid touches the plant, or its leaves, it is 
liable to burn it. Previous to watering, stir the earth well around the plant. 
Corn and other seeds may be steeped in this liquid, from three to twenty-four 
hours before sowing. It then comes up unusually quickly, and grows rapidly. 

Lime. — This may be applied at any season, at the rate of twenty to twc 
hundred bushels per acre ; but moderate and more frequent doses are preferable. 
Like charcoal, it does best near the surface, and in other respects may be ap- 
plied like it. It best suits a clayey or loamy soil; its efficacy on light sands 
and gravel, unless with the addition of manures or vegetable matters, is much 
doubted. Lime is easily kept in large heaps in the open air, by throwing a 
little water on the top, which slakes .sufficient to make a fine smooth crust over 
the whole. This soon dries hard, and forms a roof impervious to the rain. When 
the lime is to be used, the heap is broken into near its base, and whatever is 
wanted is taken out, and another crust is formed over this broken part, in the 
same way as above. Lime is frequently impure, and an analysis of it 
should be required before purchasing. About thirty-three bushels go to the 
ton. 

Plaster of Paris. — Sow this broadcast upon grass or grain, early in the 
spring, at the rate of two or three bushels per acre. It requires to be sown 
early, so as to have the benefit of moisture, and to ensure its decomposition. 
It best suits clover and the broad leaved plants, and is very good for potatoes 
and turnips. On corn, grass, and the smaller grains, it has a good effect. 

PouDRETTE. — This is an e.xcellent manure to start corn and other products, 
and give them a quick growth, but its effect in small quantities is not lasting ; 
a second dose, therefore, ought to be added at the second time hoeing. Two to 



FRUIT TRKES. . 75 

five barrels are enough for one acre. For corn, put one gil! into the hill, over 
or under the seed, when planted. Potatoes should have two gills per hill, and 
other crops in proportion. For soaking seeds, dissolve in the proportion of 
one ([iiart of poudrette thoroughly in a gallon of water, to an extent .sufficient 
tor the purpose retjuired, and then soak the grain or seed in the solution. The 
soakitig must take place immediately before planting or sowing. By this 
operation, the corn, grain, or other seeds, will start sooner, be stronger, and less 
liable to attack from worms or birds. But if kept in the solution too long it 
may injure the germinating principle of the grain or seed. After it comes out 
of the liquid, the seed may be rolled in ashes, plaster, or sand, to separate it. 
Eveiy farmer may make his own poudrette by mi.ving the faeces with peat or 
muck, or by drying it with charcoal dust, or plaster of Paris. Either of these 
substances takes away all unpleasant smell. 

Salt. — This may be used at the rate of five to thirty bushels per acre. It 
is inoperative applied near the seashore, where salt water or spray is already 
in excess on the land ; but on all other lands not already fully suj)plied with it, 
it is beneficial. It can be sown broadcast or incorporated in the compost heap. 
Mixed with lime and its compounds, it undergoes decomposition, producing a 
variety of new combinations, most of which have a strong attraction for moisture. 
Salt and lime produce vegetable decay quicker than salt alone. With plaster 
and lime, it will supply soda and sulphuric acid, and their various compounds, 
cheaper than any other materials. Applied ai the rate of ten bushels per acre 
to grass and vegetables', it makes them much more productive, sweeter, and 
more nutritious. We recommend its use, wherever salt can be chtaply ob- 
tained. We have seen thousands of gallons offish and other brine thrown away 
in our towns and cities, which is invaluable for adding to the manure heap. 





mUIT TREES. 

Before planting an orchard, the ground should be tho- 
roughly st<isoj7etZ or /renc/i p/oweJ, to the depth of eight- 
een inches or two fc-et. This is always done in Europe, 
but seld(Hn thought of in the United States ; and yet we consider it the first and 
most important operation ni the preparation of ground for an orchard, unless it 
be so rocky as to render this impossible. 

Transplanting. — It is frequently the case, that a tree which has received all 
the care and attention which can be bestowed upon it b)- the most experienced 
nurseryman, is transplanted to a soil of very inferior character, and being thus 
Blunted in its growth, is the frequent cause of dissatisfaction to the purchaser. 
The planter should therefore bear in mind that, with the exception of very 
fertile alluvial bottoms, it is diflicult for the soil in which a tree is planted, to be 
too rich, and that the rapidity of its growth, and its subsequent productiveness. 



76 FRUIT TREES. 

are very much influenced by the proportion of fertilizing matter contained in 
the soih 

After the trees are set out, the ground should be well cultivated, and if a 
poor soil, as highly manured as the means of the cultivator will admit. It is 
impossible for a tree to flourish as it should, when the roots are surrounded 
and covered with a thick sod. When the tree is isolated, as in a garden or 
lawn, a rich compost of earth and manure should be dug in around it, care be- 
ing taken that no unmixed manure be allowed to come in contact with the 
roots. The ground about them should be kept mellow until the tree is of 
largg size ; and it would also be well to dig in a portion of manure about the 
roots every spring. 

Many of the most experienced cultivators regard the autumn, immediately 
after the first hard frost has arrested the growth, as the best season for trans- 
planting every variety of trees but evergreens, which should be planted in the 
spring. Where, however, it is not convenient for the cultivator to give 
them attention in the fall, deciduous trees may be deferred until spring. In 
sections where the cold is somewhat severe, as on the Western lakes, and in 
some parts of New England, it is more safe to plant the stone fruits and pears 
in the spring ; and if they are imported in the fall, to keep them in a dry cellar 
until spring. 

The reason for the preference for the autumn is obvious. When trees are 
transplanted at that season, the earth during the winter becomes well settled 
about the roots, and they are ready to throw out fibres in the spring. The 
spring is preferred for evergreens, for the reason that, unlike deciduous trees, 
they maintain a less torpid vitality during winter, and need sustenance from the 
greater activity of their roots ; and experience has shown, that they succeed 
best when thus planted. When a tree is removed, great care should be taken 
to preserve the roots uninjured and entire; if this precaution is omitted, the 
top should be lessened in proportion to the diminution of the roots. 

When the tree has been some time out of the ground, it is well to immerse 
the bodies and roots in water for twenty-four hours ; this will much benefit it, 
and advance its vegetation. The holes for receiving them should be sufficiently 
large to admit the roots without crowding or bending, — from three to six feet 
in diameter, and from one to two feet deep, according to the size of the trees. 
The subsoil should be entirely removed to this depth, and its place filled with 
rich mould, well combined with compost or fermented manure. All bruised or 
broken roots should be shortened and smoothly pared with a knife. Let a 
person hold the tree upright, while the operator pulverizes the earth, and scat- 
ters it among the roots. Let the tree be shaken gently while this is done, and 
the earth be carefully filled in around every root, even the smallest fibre, for 
it is important that the soil should come in contact with every portion of the 
roots. When the hole is three quarters filled, pour in a few gallons of water, 
according to its size, and after it has settled away fill up the hole, pres.sing the 
earth around the tree with the foot. Earth watered in this way, will retain its 



FRUIT TREES. 77 

humidity a long time, while water poured on the surface, after the hole is filled, 
is very injurious, causing the top of the soil to bake to such a degree as to pre- 
vent the access of air and moisture, both of which are highly essential to the 
growth of the tree. When the weather is very dry, put straw, hay, leaves, 
or even fine brush, if nothing else is to be had, around the bodies of the newly 
transplanted trees, to retain the moisture. This is infinitely better than vt^ater- 
ing them. One of the most universal and fatal errors in planting trees is 
placing them too deep ; wc have known many fine and thrifty trees die from 
this cause. They should not be planted more than an inch deeper than they 
stood in the nursery, and if tiie frost is likely to heave them the first winter, 
a small mound can be heaped about the stem, to be removed again in the 
spring. 

In attending to the preceding suggestions, we feel assured that the cultivator 
will be amply repaid for any e.vtra trouble or expense, by the consequent in- 
creased growth, beauty, or productiveness of the tree. 

SOILS PROPER FOR DIFFERENT KINDS OF FRUIT. 

The Apple. — This will succeed on almost any soil not too wet ; a rich 
gravelly loam will, however, ensure the finest trees and fruit. Before planting, 
the ground should be subsoiled and well cultivated with corn or potatoes, 
and enriched, if necessary, with a good quantity of manure. After the trees 
are planted, the orchard should be kept in cultivation for some years ; and even 
after the trees become large and are in full bearing condition, the ground should 
not be kept in grass more than three or four years successively. Where 
there is leisure, it is a good plan to thin out the fruit when the crop is too 
abundant. 

The Cherry. — This does best in a dry, rich soil, but bears abundantly even 
in stiff clays, when fertile and well drained. 

The Pear. — This succeeds best on a rich, clayey loam, with a gravelly sub- 
soil, but will grow and bear fruit on a poor soil, provided it is not too wet. 
A heavy clay soil should always be avoided, unless well drained. 

The Plum. — A clay soil well drained, or rich loam, best suits the plum. 

The Peach. — A fertile sandy or light gravelly soil, is decidedly the best for 
the peach, though we have seen it flourish very w-ell in a warm climate in clay 
soils, where no surface water could remain to their injury. 

Pruning and Training. — All trees require more or less pruning. With 
young trees the knife is required to form a symmetrical head, to induce luxu- 
riance of growth, and to cause early fruit bearing. Bearing trees in orchard.s, 
also require frequent pruning, to relieve the tree of all branches which are 
weak and crowd upon others, or uselessly consume the nourishment afforded 
by the root. Ii is also frequently required to check too great a luxuriance ot 
growth, which often induces disease and seriously affects the longevity of the 
tree. Care and judgment, however, are necessary, and there may be often 



78 FRUIT TREES. 

danger of too much pruning. When a tree is healthy, produces^ well, not too 
much crowded in its branches, and free from suckers on its boughs, il will in 
general require very little pruning. No suckers should be allowed to grow from 
the root, as they divert a material portion of the sap from the branches. There 
is much difference of opinion respecting the proper season for pruning, but 
our experience is that the early part of summer is the best ; the sap being then 
in full flow, the wounded part quickly heals over, while in winter, the branch to 
which the knife has been applied, will be frequently found dead several inches 
below the wound. 

Pruning, to induce early fruit bearing, may be advantageously practised 
when the growth is so luxuriant that few or no blossom buds are formed. In 
this case, the extremities of the twigs should be shortened, and the sap being 
accumulated in a smaller portion of wood, forms fruit buds. The most effec- 
tive mode of pruning, however, is applied to the roots. For this purpose 
dig a trench, early in November, around the fruit trees to be root-pruned, then 
cut off the roots with a sharp spade or knife made for the purpose, and apply 
manure. By continuing this practice every year, early fruitfulness is secured 
and the trees are brought into so compact a shape, that, being planted five to 
eight feet apart, a sort of miniature orchard may be formed on a comparatively 
small piece of ground. 

The quenouille mode of pruning and bending down of the limbs is practised 
in France and Belgium with much success. By it the circulation is impeded, 
nutritious matter accumulates, and flower buds are formed. The branches are 
bent down and tied below the horizontal line any time during summer, while 
the shoots are flexible, and after being thus confined a short time, they retain 
this pendent position. This is a most certain mode of inducing fruitfulness, 
but, though ornamental, is a somewhat troublesome form of tree. In Great 
Britain, and in some parts of the continent, where they have not the heat cf 
our summers, fruit trees are trained, as espaliers, either upon a trellis or upon 
walls, and it is no uncommon thing to see large gardens divided into numerous 
small compartments by brick walls, on which are trained a variety of fruit trees. 
In our fine climate this is unnecessary, and nearly all trees will succeed w^ell 
as standards. 

Where the curculio abounds, the farmer or gardener may advantageously 
cover all his stone walls or wooden fences with plums, peaches, apricots, or 
nectarines. When trees are planted thus against a wall or fence, it is well to 
have them a year old, and to retain the branches either horizontally, or in the 
fan mode, in which the branches are made to radiate from the root, as a common 
centre. 

Fruit trees vary so much in different latitudes, that it would be of little use 
to give a select list ; we refer therefore to the catalogues of the Nurserymen for 
this, as well as many other things we are obliged to omit for want of space. 
Fur the same reason we cannot treat of other fruits, the apricot, nectarine, fig, 
raspberry, gooseberry, currant, strawberry, &c., &c. 



DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 79 

ORDERS FOR FRUIT TREES. 

It is very desirable that all orders should be received very early in the gea- 
son, that we may have as much notice as possible, and send the trees to their 
destination at an early periotl after the opening of the season of trans- 
planting. For want of care on this head, many orders arrive when it is no 
longer safe to take up trees, and they are necessarily left over until the next 
season. We would urge upon the attention of Southorn and Western pur- 
chasers, the great importance of sending their orders as early as August or 
September. In the spring, vegetation is often far advanced at tlie South and 
West, before the frost will allow the trees to be taken up at the North ; and if 
sent at that season, they frequently vegetate on the passage, and cause great 
loss to the purchaser. In the fall, no difficulty of this kind will occur, and 
trees are annually sent to the far western States at that season, with entire suc- 
cess. The utmost care is taken to label distinctly, according to the invoice 
sent, every variety of tree or plant ordered. ,Thcy are packed in matted bun- 
dles or boxes, according to the distance and probable exposure. 

Oknamsntal Trees and Shrubs. — These can be had of every variety 
They are fully enumerated only in the catalogues of Nurserymen, and various 
books upon these subjects. 



DOIMEESTZC A7iin>flA.ItB. 

Our :\dvice to the purchasers of domestic animals is, alwnya fn choose <rood 
ones, evtn at a much higher price than ordinary : for with select males, one can 
rapidly breed good ordinary stock from rather indiflferent females of the country. 
The cost of transportation, and the keep afterwards, is no more for a good than 
a poor animal ; and there is the additional satisfaction about their posse-ssion, 
that one has something for his money worth breeding from. 

Season for Purchasing and Shipping South. — The best season for pur- 
chasing is in the fall of the year, as stock is then cheaper and can be more 
safely transported. Orders, if possible, should be forwarded at least two montfn 
before it is wished to have them executed, so as to give sufficient time and op- 
portunity to look about and make selections. For want of this we are oflea 
obliged to execute orders at great disadvantage to the purchasers It must be 
recollected, also, that Northern nvers freeze up early in December, making it 
quite impossible to procure choice stock after this period, as most of the good 
breeders reside at a distance from the city in the interior of the country. Many 
an order for stock which has come to us in the winter we could not execute till 
the following autumn VVe hoj)e our Southern friends will bear this jiarticu- 
larly i" mind, as it will save them di.sappointment, and us considerable trouide. 

September, October, and November, are the proper seasons for shipping stock 
South, as the animals acclimate much better than when sent out in the spring. 
It is very hazardous, .nd almost certain death, to take cows or bulls South a* 



80 



DOMESTIC AXIMALS. 



any other season, for the following reason. The average pulse of the ox is 
about forty in a minute at the North, while at the South it increases to seventy 
or more, and rises ui)on excitement to eighty — just double what it is here. 
This is a very important change in the arterial system, and if the animal be 
loaded with flesh, it is much more liable to disease and death. 

Horses. — Thorough-breds may be bought at various prices, from $200 to 
$5,000, according to their age and reputation on the course, and as breeders. 

Norman Horse. 




Fig. 110. 
Roadsters, from 15 to I65 hands high, vary in price according to their style, 
action, and speed. Single horses, which can go a mile in four minutes or ten 
miles in an hour, will command from $200 to $500 : such as can do a mile in 
about three minutes, and fourteen miles in an hour, are held at $300 to $700; 
Mobile those still faster, are worth from $500 to $1,500, according to circum- 
stances. Some of the fastest sporting horses sell as high as $3,000 to ^5,000 
each. Match horses are held, under the same circumstances and jirices, as sin- 
gle horses. Good, handsome pairs, six years old or so, may be had from 
$500 to $600 ; superior, from $700 to $1 ,500, according to fancy. Stall on 
ieck must invariably be built at shipper's expense, costing from $8 to $15. 



Domestic animals. 



81 



Freiglit, $20 to $30 ; feed $7 to $12. When a number are taken, the expense is 
proportionably lessened. A groom should always accompany horses, as no 
dependence can be placed upon any one on board ship, to take care of them 

Durham Bull. 




Fio. 111. 

Cattle. — For great milking qualities and good beef, we recommend the Dur* 

kam, and would prefer sending them South, from six months to one year old 

never over eighteen months old. The price for good Herd Book animals 
ranges from $100 to $200 ; very choice, about $300 each. 



82 



DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 



The Herefords are superior in the yoke to the Durhams, make excellent beef, 
and are fair milkers. Prices same as Durhams 

Durham Heifer. 



mi^,..J\Wm^' 




i'|i|ii|lif|#Vi>i 



Fig. 112. 

Devons. — The same may be said of the Devons as of the Herefords, except 
they are not so large in size by one fourth. Being a smaller breed than the two 
others, they are well adapted for the light pastures of the South. Prices 25 per 
cent, less than Durhams or Herefords. 

Good milking cows for family use, are worth from $40 to $50; very supe- 
rior and well bred, $60 to $75 each. 

Freight of cattle South, from $10 to $15 each ; feed, $6 to $10. Stalls are 
generally necessary for their accommodation, and cost from $8 to $12 each, 
according to the size of the animal. 



DUMKSllC ANIMVIS, 

S.^xo.N Buck. 



83 




Fig. 113. 
Merino Buck. 




— «rf«'/i«— » 

Fig. 114. 
S»KEV.— Fine Uoolled—Thv Saxone have the finest fleeces, but are sTnaller 
Uian the Merinos. Ewes yield from two to thiee lb.s. per head, ol clean 



S4 



DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 



^-ashed wool ; bucks from four to six lbs. Bucks are worth from $15 to $30 , 
g'ves from $5 to $15. When a number are purchased they come cheaper. 

Merinos. — In this class, the Rambouillets stand the highest. They are 
•:he largest in size of any fine wooUed sheep ; shear the heaviest fleeces, weigh- 
ng from four to fourteen lbs. clean washed, according to the sex, &c., and of a 
quality, only one grade inferior to the Saxony. No ewes of this breed will be 
for sale probably before the year 1850. Bucks can be had for $50 to $200 
each, according to age, quality, &c. 

I^ative Merinos may be had from $5 to fSO each. They are valuable sheep, 
shear about one fifth less than the Rambouillets, and of a quality of wool one 
grade inferi .r. 

South Down Bick. 




Fig. 115. 

South Down. — This is a very hardy breed of sheep, yielding the best of 
uuttoii, lean, tender, and juicy. Their hams, when properly cured, can 
scarcely be distinguished from the finest venison. They shear from three to 
eight lbs per head, of clean wool, according to the sex, &c. , of a medium qua- 
lity, very open and easily worked, and especially suitable for plantation use 
Multon is much more healthful than pork, especially in a hot climate, and 
when accustomed to it, more palatable. Price $15 to $30 each. 

Cost of S'nj:ping Sheep South- — Freight from $2 to $5 each, according to the 
number, size, &c. ; feed, $1 to $3. Stalls $1 to $3. If thirty to fifty sheep 
are taken, they can be shipped at a moderate expense per head. 



domestic animals. 
Long Wooi.i.kd Buck. 



P5 




Fig. 116. 

Long Wool Sheep. — These are all essentially the same, thouo-h they jhsb 
uiuk-r the different denominations of Bakewell, Leicestershire, Lincolnsnire 
Cotswold, Oxfordshire, &c. These are the largest class of sheep in this ct".;n- 
try. Their mutton is rather too fat for good eating. They shear from fivo tc 
t^velve lbs. of clean washed wool, according to the sex, &c., suitable for worst- 
ed combing. Price from $I5 to $50 each. They make an excellent cross on 
the common sheep of the country, both for wool and mutton for plantation 



DOMESTir ANIMALS. 



Berkshire Hog. 



|ij||ili|ifp|||i1Wli|||i||iiiiii|^K(//» 




Fig. 117. 



Swine. — The Berkshire breed has hitherto been most highly esteemed, 
though some pretend to say they do not stand the Southern climate so well as 
th''" Neapolitan, or white English breed. These, as well as the Woburn. Bed- 
ford. Mackay, Byfield, Grass. Leicestershire, and indeed all good improved va- 
rieties, are merely crosses of the Chinese — that is, they are grade China hogs. 
We wish our readers to bear this especially in mind. In giving orders, it is 
only necessary to say what color and size is required, without signifying the 
name of the breed, as we profess to be good judges of all kinds of stock, and 



CONCLUSION. 8T 

can thus make better seliTtions than if hampered with special instruction.^ 
The China breed are too small and fat to go to the South. They are also 
delicate and shy breeders. Their crosses are superior to themselves for the 
farmer. Pigs should be three to four months old, at least, before being 
shipped. 

Prices, caged, $20 to $30 per pair. Older ones come much higher, say $20 
tu $30 each. Freight $3 to $6 per pair. Feed $2 to $4, according to the 
length of the voyage. 

Observation.— Something must always be allowed for the expense of deten- 
tion of animals in the city, from the time of their arrival to the sailing of thf 
ship. We conclude by saying, that before any one orders stock they should 
take into consideration the following three things : First, be completely pre- 
pared to keep and breed them. Second, select none but the best, and these 
with a reference to improve what you already have. Third, have some faith- 
ful person, if convenient, to accompany and take care of them. This last, how- 
ever, is not essential ; for out of the hundreds of animals we have shipped 
West and South, most oi them have arrived safely at their place of destination, 
from the care observed ic shipping and providing for them on the voyage 



APPENDIX 



Steam-Engine. 




Fig. 11 



Within a few years, the steam engine has been applied in Great Brim in 
to the purposes of agriculture with economy and marked success. It 
has been found very useful in threshing, winnowing, and grinding grain, 
crushing linseed, cutting chaff and other fodder for stock, and will do 
sundry otlior things on the farm and plantation, such as grinding apples 
for cider, pi'essing cotton and hay, grinciing sugar cane, sawing wot,>d, 
pumping water, churning butter, &c., &.c. 

There are engines made in New York, in a portable form, with boilers 
attached, which can be transported from one farm to another, at a 
moderate expense, and they can be easily employed by night as well as 
by day. All things considered, an engine of this kind cannot be looker 
upon otherwise than of great pecuniary advantage on a farm, as thf 
expense for fuel and attendance of running one of six-horse power, will 
not exceed 25 or 30 cents per hour 



appendix. 
Tast-Iron Garden-Chairs. 



A9 




These fire niiulo of various pat- 
terns, covered with durable paim 
which will resist tlie influence o: ..e 
weather. Price !$4 to $10 each. 



Fig. 119. 

Bullock's Progressfve Power-Presses. 




These presses arc in use 
for compressing cotton, at 
our seaport towns, and for 
packing cotton in all the 
cotton-growing states ; for 
baling dry goods in fac- 
tories and warehouses; for 
pressing woollen cloth in 
the process of manufac- 
turing, and for pressing 
oil, lard, &c., including 
every variety of size and 
ibrm that may be requir- 
ed, for all the various pro- 
cesses for which they are 
used. Prices from ij^lOU 
to $4,000 each. 



90 



appendix. 
Thermometer-Churn. 




Fig. 121. 



This churn is so constructed that the cream or milk is readily brought 
to the desired temperature without mixing water or other substances, 
and the temperature certainly and definitely determined, which proves 
invaluable in the art of mailing butter. 

One improvement consists in the construction of a double bottom 
made in the form of a semicircle, of two sheets of zinc, or other metal, 
placed one above the other, the cream to rest upon the uppermost. 
Between the two sheets forming the bottom, is a space, or chamber, into 
which may be introduced cold or warm water, as may be required to 
increase or diminish the temperature of the cream or milk. The water 
is easily applied by means of a common tin tunnel, through an aperture, 
or hole, in the side of the churn. 

Another improvement is a thermometer permanently placed in one 
end of the churn, entirely secure from breaking or accident, marked at 
62*, and which is always visible, so that the operator may know and 
determine with certainty when the cream or milk is brought to the 
proper temperature. If the cream or milk is too warm, the mercury in 
the thermometer will rise above the mark of 62°, and cold water should 
be applied in the chamber described; if too cold, the mercury will fall 
below the mark, when warm water must be used instead of cold. The 
cream or milk should be stirred or agitated, by turning the crank, while 
the water ie being introduced, to give the cream or milk an equal tem- 
perature throughout. When the thermometer indicates that the cream 
or milk is of the proper temperature, the water may be drawn out 
through the tube placed for the purpose, when the churning should be 
performed by giving the crank about forty revolutions to the minute 
By reversing the motion of the ci'ank, it is liberated, when both it and 
the dasher, or floats, are drawn out. 



APrENDIX. 

Well-Wheel. 



91 




This is a cheap fixture with a 
rope to raise water from wells, anr) 
is admirably adapted for raising 
and lowering light weights about 
stores and warehouses, as it works 
with much ease and expedition. 



Fig. \-2± 

Goes' Adjcstable Screw-Wkenchf.s. 

In in<' arrangement, combination, and proportions of the parts, these 
wrenches are acknowledged to be the most convenient, elficient, and 
strongest now made, and having been long m use and fully proved, 
are most favorably known among our mechanics. 

The screw which moves the 
sliding jaw is most expeditiously 
and easily opc^rated by the thumb 
of the hand that grasps the handle. 
Fig. 122i. ^^d the space between the jaws is 

adjusted to the size of the nut or screw, to be turned under any circum- 
stances more easily without than with assistance of the oth(!r hand, 
which may be otherwise engaged. 

By placing the screw that moves the traversing jaw by the side of 
Khc shank or main bar of the wrench, the full size and strength is 
retained. 

Pruning Saw. 




Fig. 122f . 
This form is most commonly used, and is of various sizes, with fine 
teeth. It is usually from fourteen to eighteen inches long. 



92 



APPENDIX. 



Truck Wagons for Stone, Heavy Timber, etc. 




Fig. 123. 

These are constructed of various sizes, with four, strong, iron-bound wheels 
to each, and are adapted for the transportation of heavy timber, stone, large 
castings, &.C. &c. Prices, complete, from .f75 to $125 each. 



Two-HoRSE Wagons. 




Fjo. 124. 

These are constructed with light, brnad bodies, and will carry, on a good 
road, from two tons to two tons and a half of grain, or salt in bags, and will 
load well with hay or straw. The bodies are mounted on patent iron axles, 
and elliptical steel springs. They are designed for market or farm use, and 
require to be drawn by two or more horses. They may also be driven with 
ease, when loaded, at a speed of four or five miles per hour. Prices, for a 
good article, $85 to $140, complete. 



APPENDIX. 



Large Horse Cart. 




Fig. 125. 

The cut above represents a very useful farm and plantation tumbrel cart. 
It is more convenient than a four-wheeled wagon in many respects 

It car be worked either by one or more horses. One or two additional horses 
can be hitched to it side by side, to draw outside the thills, or they can draw 
in tandem, if preferred. It admits of easy backing or short turning, which is 
of great advantage in particular locations, and especially among thickly-planted 
rows upon the field. 

But its greatest advantage is in the facility of dumping or upsetting the load, 
by removing the catch, or staple, which confines the bo.v upon the thills in 
front, when a little effort sends the box nearly perpendicular, whirling over 
upon its axis (the axlelree), by which the load is summarily disposed of. In 
discharging dirt, manure, sugar-cane, and many other crops, this is an item of 
great consideration. Prices, from $50 to $80, complete. 

Canal and Railroad Barrows 




Fig. 12(3. 

These can be furnished of various sizes and modes of construction, from 
$2.25 to $5 each. 



94 



appendix. 
Railroad Cars, Coaches, Omnibuses, etc. 




Fig. 127. 




Fig. 135. 



Fig. 133 

These are furnished at order, substantially made after 
the most approved paterns. 



Coaches and 
other vehicles fur- 
nished at short 
notice, at reason- 
ab e prices. 



Fig. 134. 

Folding Ladders. 

These are so constructed that they can be folded up in 
the form of a pole, when not in use. The letter a, in 
Fig. 135, shows a ladder open, and i, its appearance when 
closed. The longs are fastened by pivots at both ends, 
on which they freely turn ; and when the ladder is folded 
up, they are admitted into rhe side pieces by means of 
grooves. They may be made of any length less than 
15 feet, at 30 cents per foot : but when longer than this, the 
rate per foot must necessarily be increased. 




appendix. 
Gap.pen and Fire Engines. 



95 




Fig. IMi. 



These are made of two 
kinds, the single or forcing, 
and the double or suction 
and force. The first re- 
quires to have the watei 
delivered in the box, and 
the other will draw water 
from any depth not e.xceed- 
ing 30 feet, and force it 
equally as well as the first. 
They are easily worked by 




two persons, and will throw the water some sixty feet in height. Being 
placed on whi-tils, they can be removed wherever desired. Engims 
somewhat resembling that denoted by fig- 136, have been in use for some 
years, but the present ones combine some advantages and improvements 

over any heretofore employed. 

Garden Roller. 

This implement has been latety 
very largely introduced for horticul- 
tural and other uses. It consists of 
two cast-iron sections, one foot in 
width, and twenty inches in diameter, 
with an iron handle. The most com- 
FiG. 137. plete ones have two large weights 

suspended from a shaft within the sections, to give them additional 
weight, and these are so adjusted as to throw the handle up when not 
under the control of the hand, thus always keeping it clean. Though 
g(>nerally used by hand, only, a horse can be readily attached to the 
handle for any heavy work. They are made in two sections, to obvijiii; 
the very bad effect in turning, where the entire roller is solid, by which 
the earth is scraped up on either side at the same time that it requires 
much additional power to move it. As now arranged, when turning, 
one roller is moving back while the other is moving forward. There is 
a further advantage from having small sections, in the consideration 
that if one, by any mishap, becomes broken, its place can be supplied 
by another, without prejudice or loss to any other part of the machine. 
TiTE Field Roller ismadefrom seclionsof the same width, but of larger 
diameter, and each of double the weight of those in the hand roller. 
They have the further addition of a large wooden box, to hold any in- 
creased weight required, as they are always moved by a team, and are 
used for roads and fields, where large weights are necessary. But as 
the latter has been particularly described at page 21 of this catalogue, 
wo omit furthernoticc of it here. 



96 



APPENDIX. 



Wire Fences. 

These possess several prominent advantages — economy of room, 
economy in expense, economy in repair, durability, and tastefulness. 
Wherever timber is not absolutely without value, a wire fence is 

cheaper than the com- 
— -| 1^1 monest zig-zag or Vir- 
ginia-worm fence. It 
costs less than laying a 
stone wall, even if the 
stones were hauled gra- 
tuitously. The expense 
of keeping in repair ij 
less than that of any 
hedges, fence, or wall, 
unless the latter is of the 
most massive kind ; and 




Fig. 138. 



It ocupies no room. 

To answer the numerous inquiries for the cost, weight, and sizes ol 
wire, annealed and properly prepared for fences, we append the fol- 
lowing table. 



Class of 


Diameter in 


Weight per 


Weiglit per 


Retail 


wire. 


liundredths 
of an incli. 


lineal rod. 


lineal mile. 


prices per 
pound. 


No. 1 


0.32 


4 lbs. 2 oz. 


1321 lbs. 


$0.09 cts. 


•2 


0.30 


3 " 10 •' 


1166 '• 


0.09 " 


3 


0.27 


2 " 15 " 


944 " 


0.09 •■ 


4 


0.25 


2 '• 8 " 


809 " 


0.09 " 


5 


0.24 


2 " 5 '• 


746 " 


0.09 " 


6 


0.22 


1 " 15 ■' 


627 " 


0.09 " 


7 


0.20 


1 " 9 " 


618 " 


0.10 " 


a 


0.18 


1 " 4 " 


419 '• 


0.10 " 


9 


0.10 


1 =' " 


331 '■ 


0.10 » 


10 


1.5 


" 14 " 


291 " 


O.ll " 


11 


0.13 


•' 10 '•• 


219 " 


0.11 ■' 


12 


0.12 


" 9 •' 


186 " 


O.llK" 


13 


1 0.10 


" 6 ■' 


129 " 


0.12>i-' 



From 25 to 40 per cent, will be discounted from the foregoing prices, 
iiccnrding tu the qaiitiiy, wht;n purchased by the coil. 

Blacksmith's Portable Forge and Bellows. 

These are compact, light, and 
easily moved wherever required. They 
contain a bellows under the forge, and 
may be set in doors or out, as most 
convenient. The different sizes weigh 
from less than 100 to over 400 lbs, 
suited to all kinds of work, from a 
dentist's or jeweller's, to heavy smith's 
work. Price $30 to .$.50. 

Blacksmith's Tools of all kinds — an- 

gvils, vices, tongs, hammers, sledges, 

p stocks, taps and dies, drilling ma- 

g chines, punches, swedges, heading tools, 

__ ^_^ _ ~ chisels, &c. 

Fig. 139.""^ 




appendix. 
Garden Syriwges. 



97 




These are very sinipU' and economical 
implements, constructed on th<; principle of 
a force pump; and art; well calcvdated for 
watei-ing gardens or washing windows. 
They may also be used for expelling insects 
from shrubbery and plants, by means of 
an infusion of tobacco or stijphur water. 
Tliey are various sizes, throAviiig from a pint 
to a gallon at each stroke. 



Fig. 140. Fig. 111. 

Pilkintoin's iMPROVEn Patent Smut Machine. 

This machine has proved itself to be one of unrivalled excellence. It 

is warranted to answer 
every purpose of the 
mo.st complete and ex- 
pensive machinery of 
screens, rubbing stones, 
fans, &c., and will 
thoroughly clean the 
most smutty wheat. It 
is the best contrivance 
to take out ch(!ss, onions, 
and heavy grit, that has 
been introduced to the 
notice of millers, and is 
the most complete screen 
ever made. This ma- 
chine is pro\ided with 
self-acting oil feeders to 
the journals, and wholly 
does away the small fan. 
It runs at the rate of 
1,000 revolutions per 
minute. This machine 
requires but little power, 

and there is little danger of fire, and it wants oiling or greasing only 

once a week. Price Sf>0. 





Fig. 142. 



98 APPENDIX. 

Blastino Tools. — These consist of twelve drills of various sizes and 
shapes; one each — rammer, needle, and cleaner, made in the most 
perfect manner with cast-steel points, or of solid steel, as may be 
desired. Also drilling hammers, with double and single faces, sledges, &c 

California Tools, of all descriptions, including mining and blasting 
tools, gold-washers, retorts, crucibles, chemicals for testing ores, smaU 
balances, &c. &c. 

Indestructible Mineral Paint — A most admirable and effective pre- 
servative from tlie injurious ettects of the weather and preventive of fire, 
becoming in a short time after being ground or mixed in oil, of the con- 
sistence and quality of slate. For mnnufuctories, railway depots, roofs of 
all descriptions, public buildings, fences, &c., it is invaluable. For sale 
bv the barrel or ton, at $4 per 100 lbs. 



Sugar-Mills for Grinding Cane. 

These are furnished of all sizes, to work by horse or steam power. 
They are made with two and three rollers, and work horizontally and 
vertically for horse power ; and with three horizontal rollers of larger 




Fig. 143. 



dimensions for steam or water power. Great improvement has recently 
been made in the construction of these mills, both in economising power 
and the cane juice. Fifty per cent, is near the average of juice heretofore 
expressed from the cane, leaving about forty per cent, in the bagasse 
Machines are now constructed by which 76 to 80 per cent, of juice is 
extracted. 

Price of horse-power mills with two vertical rollers and geering, 
brass boxes, and heavy-wrought shaft, $120 to $200. Horizontal mills, 
with three rollers for horse or steam power, $250, to $2,500. 



APPENTilX. 

Vegetablk BuILEES. 



99 




These boilers dasisl of a 
kotfle placed over a cast-iron 
stove furnace, of which thov 
form a part. They c;in be 
pliiced out iloors (»r in a room 
where the smoke is carried 
into the chimney through a 
stove pipe. There is gu;ul 
economy of fuel by this ar- 
rangement. as the ilauie pass.s 
on every side to the top of th'^ 
k(ntle. M;iny of them are now 
used by sugar planters, with 
copper boilers, and wher<' wocmI 
is scarce, they are of great ad- 
vantage in boiling or reducing 
the sap, with the utmost econ- 
omy of fuel. 



Fig. 144. 

Pruning and Budding Knives. 







Fig. 145. 

\os. 1, 2 and 4 aie good and convenient f<»rm for pruning 3onn» trees 
and are made strong and heavy for that purpose. 

No. 3 represents the best and most approved form for budding. The 
edge of the blade is rounded at the point, and will shut up as a pocket 
knife. At the other end is permanently fixed a thin flat ivorv lifter, 
witti which the bark is loosened and raised^ after being cut to receive 
the bud. ^ 



ion 



APPENDIX. 

Planing MAciim':. 




This machine is valuable for planing all lengths, widlhs, and thick- 
nesses of joists, plank and boards, various kinds of mill v\'()rk, and other 
parts of wood work for machinery, plows, &c., &c. It will plane hard 
or soft wood equally well and with great rapidity. They have been 
used for many years with entire success through various parts of the 
Union. There are several sizes to plane different widths, ami lengths. 



^W! 



D Plow for Rrclaiming Meadows. 




Fig. U ;. 

A strong four-horse plow, same size and form as Sward B, with the 

addition of a wrought lock-coulter, as attached to Eagle No. 2, Pig. 3 

To this plow is affixed, when required, a sharp steel-edged share or 

point, cutting very wide, and a reversed or drag cu'f£r for the purpose 



AFPE.NDIX. 101 

of plowing and connplctoly turning over the surface of wet meadows 
when drained by ditching. A crane-clevis is attached to the end of the 
beam which enables the off ox or horse to keep clear of the miry open 
furrow, so very fatiguing to him, and tread on tlie ynbroken ground, 
thus making it comparatively easy work for the team, and obviating the 
great obji^ction to breaking up wet meadows or swampy ground. The 
newlj'-invented dial-clevis and drafl-rod, as described in Eagle No. 2, 
Fig. 3, will enable the off horse to tread on solid ground in plowing wot 
meadows, nearly as well as the crane-clevis. It also enables the plow 
man to run the plow close along side of a fence or ditch. This wouM 
be an admirable plow for the stiff lands on the Mississippi, and for the 
prairie lands of the west. When the fixtm-es for meadows arc removed 
and the original point or share replaced, the plow is again adapted to 
the rugged upland soils, thus answering the double purpose of an upland 
ami meadow plow. 

Improved ConN and Cob-Crusher. 




Fig. 148. 
This machine is designed for crushing corn and cobs for feeding ' 
stock, or previous to passing through mill stones for grinding into fine 
provender. It is also used to crack corn alone, suitable for hommony or 
for the use of stables. It has the merit of compactness, durability, 
uniformity in its work, and economy of power. Its height, when set up 
for work, is about 3 feet. It w ill grind the cobs and corn to the same 
degree of fineness, and this it will do when the corn is damp, or even 
green, without clogging. It is generally driven by a four-inch belt — 
it may be driven by gear, however, wiihout inconvenience — by whifh 
cobs and corn are cracked faster than one run of stones can grind 
them. It is also asserted by experience ! millers, that any run of .stones 
will grind at least one fourth faster and finer when the cobs are cut up 
in this manner. Price $50. 



loa 



AGRICULTrRAL AND HORTICTJl-TURAL TOOLS. 




agricultural and horticultural tools. loo 

New and Highly Impkoved Iron Hurse-Powkk. 

This power is compact, strong, and portable, and witliout bolts and 
joints, that are liable to work loose and get out of order. It is made 
on strictly scientific principles, and is so arranged as to combine the 
least friction and greatest durability within the smallest compass. Five 
eights of the machine is firmly connected together, and not weakened 
by joints, and that on which the power of the horse is c.\crted, consti- 
tutes three eights only ; thus throwing the force more directly upon the 
work to be executed, instead of expending it in overcoming friction, pro- 
duced by complicated wood and iron frame work and r-ug wheels. \i\ 
the gearing, great attention has been paid to prevent friction, by placing 
two pinions opposite each other and to the centre, thus creating a 
compensating force around the centre of motion, and at the same time 
preventing wear at the journals and bearings. 

The hor-se-power as secMi in Fig. 148, will drive the centre upright 
shaft 28 revolutions to one of the horse ; and from this shall, a strap is 
taken which drives a corn-mill. On the same floor, a corn-sheller is 
represented in motion, and on the ground floor we have a thresher, 
separator, and grindstone driven by a shaft geared from the lower end 
of the upright shaft. This shows that a number uf applications can be 
made from the same machine in one position. If it is requirc^d to thresh 
the grain in the field, it can be done without difficulty, and then re- 
placing the horse-power, as shown in the cut, it can be used for shelling 
corn, ginning cotton, pumping water, sawing firewood, drivujj; lathes, 
grindhig flour, or sawing lumber. 

FouR-HoRsE Powers are made on the same principle as the foregoing, 
and of an additional strength, proportioned to the increased power aixl 
strain. 

Saw-Mills. — An upright saw-mill driven by a crank is made to be 
attached to the foregoing power, whiciu with two horses only, will saw 
100 teet of boards per hour, out of logs 15 inches diameter or over. 

The price of the above saw-mill and power complete is $400 for a mill 
sawing logs 13 feet long. For sawing greater lengths, $3 per foot will 
be charircd in addition. 



Boring and Mortlsing Machines. — These are made to mortise wagon- 
hubs and boxes, plow-beams, sash work, doors, &c. 



104 



APPENBLX. 

HvDRAULic Presses. 




Fig. 150. 

These machines are constructed of various sizes, with solid wrought-iraa 
cylinders, and may be made to work by steam power, with one or more pumps. 
The uses to which they may be applied are numerous, among which we would 
particularly mention the pressing of hay, wool, cotton bales, separatin;£^ the oil 
from lard, flaxseed, castor beans, and other oleaginous seeds. They may also 
be employed with advantage, in many instances, in raising or moving buildings 
and other great weights. 

Price with 8-inch ram, a single ])ump, and platine (follower), 38 by 26 
inches, $800; 10-inch ram, pump, and platine 40 by 28 inches, $1,000; 
12-inch ram, pump, and platine 46 by 32 inches, $1,250. Separate cisterns, 
«"n extra. Larger and smaller sizes made to order. 

Post- Hole Augers. — These are made of convenient size and length 
for boring holes in the ground, of dimensions suited to posts of any re- 
quired sizes. They lift the soil from the hole as it is bored, without the 
necessity of using shovel, spade, or post spoon. 



SOUTHFRN COKN-SHELLER. 



105 




Fig. 151. 

This muchinc is well luiaptod for shelling Indian corn, and is suitable 
for large pluiitalions. It may be worked by onf> or two nun or by 
horse power, and shell by manual labor about 300 bushels, and by horse 
power about 700 tjushols per day. It separates the corn from the cob, 
both of which are left unbroken. 

Endless-Chain Pump 

This is a very snnplo pump, 
which is fast becomin<^ popu- 
lar with those who have tried 
it. P^irany depth not excet-d- 
ing 25 feet, it works admira- 
bly ; but when the height to 
which it is required to raise 
the water is mucli beyond this 
distance, a forcing pump may 
be substituted. The great ad- 
vantages it possesses is ea-^e 
of working, simplicity of con- 
struction, economy of price, 
and imposibility of freezing in 
winter. 
. Fig. 153. 
Malleable Cast-Iron Mu.k Pans. 
These are nnade of various sizes, and lined with porcelain, which pre- 
vents the oxydation of the metal by the action of milk or any other 
liquid which they may contain. They combine the .strength and dura- 
bility of iron, with nil the advantages of glass, and are universally ap- 
proved by ihosi' who have used them. 





Fig. 152. 



106 



appendix. 
Force Pumps. 



We give below two cuts of 
the forcing or lifting pump, as it 
is distinguished from the suction 
pump. Fig. 155, shows the pump 
as sold from the warehouse 
Fig. 154, as it is placed in the 
well, the only difference being 
in the position of the latter 
which is in the well, with the 
suction and forcing pipes at- 
tached, and the rod, connecting 
the piston with the handle, 
lengthened. It will be seen 
that the force pump is also a 
suction pump, and capable of 
drmoing water 32 or 33 feet, 
while its capacity for forcing 
it upwards in height, is limited 
only to the strength of the 
pipes, and the power applied 
for this purpose. 

The force pump has not until 




Fig. 155. 



Fig. 154. 

recently been sold at moderate prices, but late improvements enable the 
manufacturer to sell them as low as $12 or $15, for ordinary pumps, 
and from that up to $500, or even more, for the largest and most com- 
plete article. 

Hand Cotton Gins. 



These are usually made 
of about eighteen saws, 
and worked entirely by 
hand. They gin equally 
as well as the larger or 
horse-power gins, but, of 
course, work much slow- 
er. 




Fig. 156. 



APPENDi:?. 

Wood-Sawing Machine for CuTTrrjH Fuel. 



107 




The subjoined cut 
showsa machine in gen- 
i-ral use for sawin<j; 
\\ ood. It is easily driv- 
(M by a one-horse chain 
power, and is capable 
of sawing sev(;ral cords 
of wood per day. 1 1 
is simple and easily 
worked and kept in or- 
der. 

Others, of larger di- 
mensions, are used for 
slitting plank, boards, 
Fig. 157. scantling, &c. For this 

purpose, a different saw is required than when used for cutting across 
the grain. For the last purpose, the teeth are triangular ; for the former, 
they are hooked like an eagle's beak. The first is called the cross-cut, 

the last the rip saw. 

Root and Apple Grinder. 




\ 



1 



m^<^f:m\^m :' 



liasil 



Fig. 159. 
This machine has been recently 
constructed for the purpose of 
grinding, or rather rasping apples, 
by which the fruit is reduced to a 
fine pulp, and the juice can be 
jj,,v||jjl| much more thoroughly pres.sed 
^ out, than by the old process of 
p grinding. It is also made to rasp 
i ,.,. i.y .. or grind the several species of 

roots, as the mandioca, or Brazilian arrow root, the Curcuma angusti- 
folia, or East-India arrow root, the Cycas circinalis, the Zamia 
pumila, of Florida, the Maranta arundinacea, or common arrow 
root plant of the West Indies, and the yuca or cazabe root, 
a plant of Cuba; also potatoes, &,c., from which the arrow root, tapio- 
ca, and starch are made. The machine can be propelled both by hand 
or horse power, as may he required. Whf'n large quantities of roots 
are to be prepared, the horse power is preferable. We make a smaller 
machine for rasping horse radish, &c., which works by treddle power. 



108 



Bullock's Pot!Tap,t,f. Prooressive Power Press. 




Fig. 160. Fig. 161. 

I'ig. 160 is a side view of Bullock's I'oiijible Progressive Pow(er Press. 
Fig. 161, is an end view of the same, with the follower run up and 
pushed one side, preparatory to tilling the box. 

These presses are in use in this city tor baling dry goods, rags, cot- 
ton, hay, wool, hemp, flax, paper, moss, &c., and they are takhig the 
place of other presses throughout the country. Manufacturing estab- 
lishments and warehouses, are generally adopting these presses on 
account of their great convenience, 'power and durability, and the dispatch 
with which the work is done. 



Starch and Arrow-Root Making Machines. 
In addition to those described on the foregoing page, we make others 
of various foims. Some are m;ide vv'ith large cylindrical sheet-steel 
grates, that can be kept sharp, and will wear for years, and work very 
rapidly. Others are made with iron cylinders, and numerous tine 
steel saws, that can be taken out, filed, &c., and re-adjusted at -pleasure. 
Large hoppers are constructed, which have a heavy folio tvor pressing 
upon the roots, keeping them to the cylinders; and by this means, very 
much increasing the rapidity of their pcrforinancej. 



INDEX. 



PAGE. 

AnimiUs, domestic description, 

breedins; and reai'ing, &.C., - 79-80 
Apple trees, tlieir cultivation, - - - 77 
Artichoke, culture of, .... 62-63 
Ashes as manure, ----- 72 
••' Anthracite coal, ditto, - . - 62-<5U 
Asparagus, - 63 

Bark.mills, 32 

Beans, culiure of, 63 

lieeliives, 45 

Iteel. culture of, 63 

Borecole culture of, 64 

Boilei-s, vesetablo, ..... 99 

Bone-ilu.<t as manure, - - - - 73 

Brick-machines, 40 

Broccoli, culture of, 64 

Brush, or Bramble-hooka, - - - - 45 

Bni-si'ls sprouts, ----- 64 

Bull-rinj,'s. -...--- 42 

Bush, or root-pullers, - - - - 45 

Cabl);ii;e, culture of, 64 

Carrot--*, do 

Cnttlo-ties, 42 

Cuttle, Durham, chan»cter and prices of, - HI 
<■• Herefords, " " - 82 

» Devons, " " - do 

Catili (lowers, 64 

Ct^Iery, do 

Charcoal as manure, 73 

Cheest^pross, 43 

Cliorrv-treos, how managed, - - - 77 
Cherv-d, " " ... 64 

Churns, - - .... «.H»-43 

Clovers, cultivfition of, - - - - 69-71 

ColTeo-mills, 34 

Com, cultivation of, 65 

" Broom, do 

" planters, - .... 24-25 

" shelters, 105-30-31 

" and Cob-crushers, - - - 100-32-33 
" mills, ...... 33-35 

Cotton-sweep cultivators. - - - 21 

Cotton-Kins. 106-47 

C<jtton-pl;uiters, - - - - 25 

Cradles, Rrain, .----- 2^ 
Cross, cultivation of. - - - - 05 

Cucumbers, do 

Ctdtivators, various kinds described, - 19-21 
Craniljerry Rak^', ^ 

IMgiiig, or burderinn-sheai s. - - - 55 
F,RU-piant, culti'fation of, - - - - 6t> 

Endive, di 

Fire F.iurine, 9' 

Fanninif-mills, ------ 30 

Fertilisers, 7' 

Fniit-iralhcrers, .... - 50 

Fruit-trees, their cultivatioD, ... 75-79 

Fonntain, water, ^60 

Forco Pumps, 106 



Garden, manas^emont of, - - . - 61 
t;ardou-ena;ine, .... 95-41 

Oardeii-tools, 50-57 

Oanlen-seeds, directions for cultivating, - 62 

C rain-so wtTs, 24-25 

nrMin-niills. :i3-35 

(Jrassrs described, and ciUliv.ation of. - 69-72 
Grind stones, ...... 46 

Guano for manure. .... - 73-74 

Glass Milk Pans, 45 

Hammers, Anilrr-ion's patent, - - 50 

Harrows, various kinds described. - - 22 
Harrowing, importance of, ... 24 

Hay-rakes, horse, 27 

Hoes 51-53-57 

llorsi-pi.we-s, - - - . l(i3-2*-39-40 
Horses, prices of, 80 

Iron chest. Arc proof, - - - - 47 

Knives, prunini; and buddins, 99 

Lactometer, or cream-gauge, - - - 4Q 

Leek, cultivation of, 66 

Lettuce, ... . . . j,, 

Lime iis manure, 74 

IMamires. Pee Fertilisers. 

Manure forks, - 52 

Melons, ciUiivalion ol". - - - - 6*5 

Mowing machine, 44 

Mustard, cultivation of, .... 67 
Mi4k Pans, 4.>-l()7 

Nasuu-tium, how used, - - - - 67 

Ok ra, how cultivated, - - - - tV7 

Planing Machine, imi 

Parsley, how cultivated, - - - - 67 

Parsnip, " " _ - . . d,, 

Peach trees, how maiiagctl, - - - 77 

Pe:u- tree?, " ■> - - _ ,|,, 

Peas. ------- (i7 

Peppei-s, -_--__ ,),, 

Plas! T of Paris ,is mnii'ire, - - - 74 

Plow's, description of various kinds, 3-<»-l9 

" advimlages of improved, - - 7-10 



various pvemitinis awarded to, 

E;igle described, - - - 

fiward C, - - - - 

Sward R, - - - - 

Pward D, - - - - 

Peli-sharpening, 

Left hand. - _ - 

Corn, cotton, and rice, 

Kice trenoliint;. - - - 

Rideinc or double mold-board, 

Fluk^' for planting sugar-cani;, 

Turf paring, - - - 

Side-liill, or swivel. 

Subsoil, - _ _ _ 



10 
U 
do 

- do 

-ion-12 

- 12-13 

13 

- 14-13 

14 

- 14-15 

15 
do 

- 15.16 

- lC-17 



PAOB. 

Plows, New York, 17-18 

'> J. M. &. Co'b., 18 

« M. & H., 18 

" Diitohers, do 

" Bcigcn, - do 

" Three-share, do 

« Somhern, do 

" Scotch, do 

" Ca.^liutrs t'nr, do 

Plow cutter, dcsciijilion mid uses of, - 6-8-9 

" Lock or fin cutter, - - - - 8-10 

" CouKer, 8-9 

" Wheel, 7-8 

« Draught-rod, do 

» Dial, or Patent clevis, - - - do 

Plowing, desrcipli')n and best method of, 3-7 

Plum-trees, how maiitiged, - - - 77 

Post-spoons, 51 

Potatoes, how Clllti^ated, - - - - (57 

Poudrette, 47 

Pumps, - - - lOti-40-41-59-60 

Pumkins, how cultivated, - - - 67 

Radish, how cultivated, - - - - _^ 68 

Reaping machines, 27-28 

Rhubarb, how cultivated, - - - - 68 

Rice-huUers, ..-.-- 35 

Rice-thrashers, 29 

Rollers, uses and description of, - 95-21-22 

Roots, Culture of, 62 

Root-cutters, 38 

Root-pullers, 45 

K uta-baga, how caltivated, - - - 68 

Root and Apple Grinder, 107 

Salsify, cultivation of, - - - - 69 

Salt as manure, ----.- 75 

Paw, Pruning, 91 



Sausage St uffers and cutters, 

Scales, counter, 

" platform, .... 
Scraper or shovel, ox, . . - 

Scythes, 

Pea-kale, cultivation of, - 

Sheep, Saxons, description and prices, 

" Merinos, " " 

" South-Downs, " " 

" Leicester, " " 

Shovels, 

Smut-machine, improved ventilating. 
Soils described, how treated, - 
Sorrel, garden, cultivation of, - 
Spades, ...... 

Spinach, cultivation of, - 

Squash, " ... 

Straw-cutters, 

Sugar-crushers, - - - - 

Swine, description and prices, - 

Tree Scraper, 

Thrashers, horse-power, ... 

" rice, 

Tomato, how cultivated, - 

Tool-chest, 

Trucks, hand, - - - . . 
Turnips, how cultivated, - - • 



PAGE. 

44 
47 
58 
41 
26 
66 
83 

83-84 
84 
85 

51-52 
32 

61-62 

69 

• 51-52 

69 

do 

36-38 
58 



53 

28-29 
29 
67 
50 
46 

68-69 



Vettikost, or com salad, - ... 64 

Wheel. Well, 91 

Water-rams, . ..... 59 

Wheelbarrows, 46 

Wrenches, Screw, 91 

Yoke, ox, 42 



APPENDIX. 



Blacksmith's forge and Bellows, 
Blasting Tools, - - . - • 
Poring and morticing machine, 
Bullock's progressive power preses, 
California Tools, . . - 
Canal and Railroad barrows, - 
Folding ladders, . - - • 
fUirden-Chair, Cast-iron, - 
i;arden syringes, . . . . 

fiydraulic presses, . . - . 
Indestructible Mineral Paint, - 



PAGE. 

96 
98 

103 
8<J 
98 
93 
94 
80 
97 

104 



Iron \A'ire cloth. Sieves, Fenders, &C., 
Large liorse carts, . - - . 
Cmnibiises, Railroad Cars, &c., 
riaiiiug Machine, 
Siuul .'tlacliiue, Pilkiiiton's, 
Steam-i'Ugines, - 
Sugar-Mill, 
Truck wagons, - 
Two-horse wagons, - 
Saw- mills. 
Wire for fences, 



PA OK. 

95 
93 
94 
100 
97 



92 

92 
107- i 03 



AMERICAN ARCHITECT, 

ioraplete in 24 Nos., at 25 cents each, or $5 for 2i 
Nbs. $6, bound in 2 vols. 

PUBLISHED BY C. M. SAXTON, NEW-YORK. 



Th« object of this publication is to introduce ORIGINAL DESIGNS of Country 
Stats adapted to the vaned taste and circumstances of an American population : 
from the elegant Villa to the simple Cottage and plain Farm-House ; Irom 
Planters' Mansions to Village Domicils. In a word, ever>' variety of Rural 
Residences will be embraced, in order to meet the views o'' every person desinng 
B Country House. In respect to style, cost, arrangeinent, finisli, tc, utility 
will never be sacrificed : economy in the outlay, with an appropriate style, wil 
always be kept in view. The requisite details, specifioations, plans, and direc 
tions with a careful and reliable estimate of the cost, will accompany each design 
These are essential features of a Practical Work, and no labor will be spared in 
their preparation. , , ,. , 

Of the diversity of human dwellings, whether marked by elegance, convenience, 
or utility, or by the want of them, none can compare in national importance and 
philosophical mterest with the Farm-House— Ihe Homestead of our species. 

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oe the most essential of all manufactures. Then it was in their dwellings that 
Architecture itself had its birth ; it was they who first abandoned the tent vrith 
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sountry. they may be inatenally diminished in every one of these respects— evee 
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adaptation to the purposes intended is the most unportani pomt to be attended 
to. and they are governed by the Plans. 
From among the great number of notices, we select the following:— 
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Tbi Cost of building from the Plans given, will be from $600 to $5,000, wit^ 
corap ite Specifications from a first- rate Mason and Cirpenter, and the pncM 
f]T«a an be depended upon. 



THE AMERICAN FARM BOOK: 

OR, 

Compend of American Agriculture, 

•tontaining a concise ani I'lainly written Kxposition of Duties pertaining tii tht 
Cuitivation of the Kaitli th« Management of the Farm, !kc.. &.C., on prac- 
tical scientific princiriles. 

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"^he cheapest and most valuable book for a farmer ever printed : being a coir 
plete Guide, both practical and scientific, for the 

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Besides the varied pract'-cal knowledge which this book imparts, and whick is 
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^ives the mode of pre|>aratioD, and thf eft'ects of all kinds of mamires ; the 
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*f sowing, reaping, and mowing, irrigation and draining ; cultivation of the 
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]far market. Illustrated by 100 engiavings. 

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•'good practical work" can only be written oy a in;m who has both thought and 
acted well. What distinguishes this volume, is its conciseness, its clearness, and 
•ts perspicuous treatment of the_ sul^jnci in hand. We think, therefore, that Mr 
-Alien's volume, the basis of which is goisd practical fanning, as practised by th 
best cultivators in the United St;ttes, with an intelligent reference to tho.se princi 
pies of science wljich lie at the root of all successful practice, is likely to be of as 
Eauch or more real service to us, than any work ()n agriculture vet issued from 
ihe press, and we gladly commend it to the perusal of every on*, o/ our reader* 
»&gage . in the cult'.vajon of land — A.J Downitia's Hortie\\i%.'i»t 



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